Cloning the Metagenome to Access the Biodiversity of...

Introduction Being the essential part of earth’s microbiota and their involvement in chemical, physical and biological transformations, bacteria are considered as a very important group of microorganisms. Those bacteria which cannot be grown easily on artificial nutrient media are referred as unculturables. The evidence for the presence of yet to be cultivated bacteria came from the molecular data. The capability to obtain DNA sequence information from an environmental sample by PCR manipulations and direct sequencing allowed identification of these phylogenetically important groups. When a sample is collected from environment, the total number of bacterial cells within sample is extremely high, which is not appropriate for isolation of†¦show more content†¦Signaling molecules present only within the natural habitat are thought to be essential for the growth of many bacteria. In the absence of these beneficial interactions and signals, some bacteria may struggle to grow in artific ial culture and may be faced with an unfamiliar environment devoid of essential factors (Nichols et al, 2008). Significant efforts have been made in recent years to devise culturing methods for unculturable bacteria. If suitable culture conditions are provided it is possible to cultivate them in the laboratory. These culture techniques include the use of extinction culturing technique with low nutrient media (Button et al, 1998), use of a diffusion chamber that allowed the passage of substances from the natural environment, use of community interactions and cell–cell communication (Dinsdale et al, 2008), use of dilute nutrient media (Hoff et al, 2008) and the use of combinations of techniques (Nichols et al, 2008). The difficulties of cultivating the unculturable bacteria collected from the specific environmental niche are circumvented today by cloning the metagenome in suitable vectors. The term metagenomics is derived from the statistical concept of meta-analysis (the proce ss of statistically combining separate analysis) and genomics (the comprehensive analysis of an organism’s genetic material). The study of metagenomics involves the manipulation of genetic material, recovered directly

Characteristics and Examples of Stabilizing Selection

Stabilizing selection in evolution is a type of natural selection that favors the average individuals in a population. It is one of five types of selection processes used in evolution: The others are directional selection (which decreases the genetic variation), diversifying or disruptive selection (which shifts genetic variation to adjust to environmental changes), sexual selection (which defines and adapts to notions of attractive features of the individuals), and artificial selection (which is the deliberate selection by humans, such as that of the processes of animal and plant domestication). Classic examples of traits that resulted from stabilizing selection include human birth weight, number of offspring, camouflage coat color, and cactus spine density. Stabilizing Selection Stabilizing selection is one of three main types of natural selection in evolution. The others are directional and diversifying selection.  Stabilizing selection is the most common of those processes.  The result of stabilizing is the over-representation in a specific trait. For example, the coats of a species of mice in a forest will all be the best color to act as camouflage in their environment.  Other examples include human birth weight, the number of eggs a bird lays, and the density of cactus spines. Stabilizing selection is the most common of these processes, and its responsible for many of the characteristics of plants, humans and other animals. Meaning and Causes of Stabilizing Selection The stabilizing process is one that results statistically in an over-represented norm. In other words, this happens when the selection process—in which certain members of a species survive to reproduce while others do not—winnows out all the behavioral or physical choices down to a single set. In technical terms, stabilizing selection discards the extreme phenotypes and instead favors the majority of the population that is well adapted to their local environment. Stabilizing selection is often shown on a graph as a modified bell curve where the central portion is narrower and taller than the normal bell shape. Polygenic traits tend to result in a distribution that resembles a bell-shaped curve, with few at the extremes and most in the middle. David Remahl/Wikimedia Commons Diversity in a population is decreased due to stabilizing selection—genotypes which are not selected are reduced and can disappear. However, this does not mean that all individuals are exactly the same. Often, mutation rates in DNA within a stabilized population are actually a bit higher statistically than those in other types of populations. This and other kinds of microevolution keep the stabilized population from becoming too homogeneous and allow the population the ability to adapt to future environmental changes. Stabilizing selection works mostly on traits that are polygenic. This means that more than one gene controls the phenotype and so there is a wide range of possible outcomes. Over time, some of the genes that control the characteristic can be turned off or masked by other genes, depending on where the favorable adaptations are coded. Since stabilizing selection favors the middle of the road, a blend of the genes is often what is seen. Examples of Stabilizing Selection There are several classic examples in animals and humans of the results of stabilizing selection process: Human birth weight, especially in underdeveloped countries and in the past of the developed world, is a polygenetic selection which is controlled by environmental factors. Infants with low birth weight will be weak and experience health problems, while large babies will have problems passing through the birth canal. Babies with average birth weight are more likely to survive than a baby that is too small or too large. The intensity of that selection has decreased as medicine has improved—in other words, the definition of average has changed. More babies survive even if they might have been too small in the past (a situation resolved by a few weeks in an incubator) or too large (resolved by Caesarian section).Coat coloration in several animals is tied to their ability to hide from predator attacks. Small animals with coats that match their environments more closely are more likely to survive than those with darker or lighter coats: stabilizing selection results in an average co loration thats not too dark or too light.Cactus spine density: Cacti have two sets of predators: peccaries which like to eat cactus fruits with fewer spines and parasitic insects which like cacti that have very dense spines to keep their own predators away. Successful, long-lived cacti have an average number of spines to help ward off both.The number of offspring: Many animals produce multiple offspring at once (known as r-selected species). Stabilizing selection results in an average number of offspring, which is an average between too many (when there is a danger of malnourishment) and too few (when the chance of no survivors is highest). Sources Cattelan, Silvia, Andrea Di Nisio, and Andrea Pilastro. Stabilizing Selection on Sperm Number Revealed by Artificial Selection and Experimental Evolution. Evolution 72.3 (2018): 698-706. Print.Hansen, Thomas F. Stabilizing Selection and the Comparative Analysis of Adaptation. Evolution 51.5 (1997): 1341-51. Print.Sanjak, Jaleal S., et al. Evidence of Directional and Stabilizing Selection in Contemporary Humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.1 (2018): 151-56. Print.

Essay about The Continuation Of Patriarchy In Our Culture

Our culture has created a social system that allows the driving forces of patriarchy to flourish. Although many people may not be purposefully attempting to continue this system of patriarchy, we each play a role in its survival. For many the problem is not that they are promoting patriarchy but that they are not challenging the system. In Johnson’s article â€Å"Patriarchy†, he is not examining whether a patriarchal system exists in our culture but what factors are driving this system to continue. The articles analyzed demonstrate Johnson’s theory of patriarchy by exemplifying his three facets of the patriarchal system and by recognizing the notion of the path of least resistance. Johnson argues that patriarchy is made up of more than just†¦show more content†¦This connection with other men is important, and there is a risk of losing masculinity if a man should choose not to participate in homosocial behavior. Even Schwyzer, a pro-feminist thinker, has found himself going along with the banter of his peers out of fear of exclusion. When relationships begin to be formed around ideas that drive patriarchy it becomes very hard to overturn these notions. Although not all male friendships are formed out of objectifying women, homosociality allows connections to be made very quickly among men. This article also shows the fears of taking the â€Å"path of resistance†. Men as well as women are apprehensive to go against the group. Deciding not to join in on the homosocial behavior could result in exclusion or ridicule, and often standing your ground is not worth that risk. The connections that are formed around this behavior are one of the many reasons patriarchy continues in our culture. Many men are afraid to go against other men in fear of seeming feminine. This pressure for men to appear masculine is one of the many parts that form the system of patriarchy. Hegemonic masculinity reveals the male-dominance of patriarchy. This t erm refers to what is considered normal male behavior in our culture. Hegemonic masculinity is characterized by male domination and female subordination. In Michael Messner’s article †Becoming 100 Percent Straight†, he discusses male’s drive to overcompensate their masculinity out ofShow MoreRelatedWomens Rights Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pagesbook reviews, and personal reflection to articulate with stunning complexity issues of women’s freedom, individual identify and their roles in society. In her essay â€Å"Women and Honor: Some Notes of Lying† she articulate that women lie because of patriarchy and should be more truthful; however I partially agree and disagree with her statement. I believe that women today, in 2009 are more independent, self aware, and are careless about their surroundings and who they please. As time passes thingsRead More My Antonia Essay: Role of Women1542 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognition of exclusion brings à ntonia to tears. However, recognizing the womens relationship to the development of national culture does suggest some alternative readings to the conclusions often reached, even as à ntonias sacrifice of her own education does not exclude the contribution she makes to American culture, as we shall see.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recognition of nation-construction effects our reading of the play of gender in the text. One such instance is in the case of narrative authority, which has frequentlyRead MoreMajor Differencies Between Eastern and Western Philosophies as the Basis for Adult Education1037 Words   |  5 Pagesliver. In European consciousness, Prometheus had become the hero who: ...defied the patriarchy in the name of individual freedom, who brought light into our darkness. 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It was opined even in the scared literatures of numerous cultures, that had professed

Research Method Example

Essays on Research Method Coursework The result are analyzed in the excel worksheet showing all the required data. (2) In order to estimate the empirical model, the previous compile data in excel worksheet would be used. This method is used to test a claim o just hypothesis about a parameter of the entire population using the data measured in the previous sample. This will enable to determine whether the sample statistic would be selected in case the hypothesis regarding such population parameter is true (Barnard, 2007). Therefore the following null and alternative hypotheses would be tested based on the following formula as shown bellow. Using random method of data selection, let use consider the results for Algeria and United Kingdom for effective calculations. For United Kingdom: i. dlypci = ï  ¢1 + ï  ¢2lypc90i + ï  ¢3lsecedi + ï  ¢4govgdpi + ï  ¢5openi + ï  ¢6infli + ï  ¢7crediti + ui Since dlypc = ln (ypc05) – ln (ypc90), then dlypc=121.07-102.70=18.37 (a) H0:ï  ¢2=ï  ¢3=ï  ¢4=ï  ¢5=ï  ¢6=ï  ¢7=0 against H1: ï  ¢jï‚ ¹0 for at least one j ïÆ'Ž(2...7), using 0.05 significance level. =ï  ¢1+102.7*0+93*0+21742.5*0=36.97*0+ (112.62-65.79)*0+1.130044*0+0.05 18.37=ï  ¢1+0+0.05 ï  ¢1=18.32 where as for Algeria the results are: dlypci = ï  ¢1 + ï  ¢2lypc90i + ï  ¢3lsecedi + ï  ¢4govgdpi + ï  ¢5openi + ï  ¢6infli + ï  ¢7crediti + ui Since dlypc = ln (ypc05) – ln (ypc90), then dlypc=59.77-98.12=-38.35 =ï  ¢1+59.77*0+61*0+5189.55*0+90.65*0+ (49.95-44.38)*0+0.399052*0+0.05 -38.35=ï  ¢1+0+0.05 ï  ¢1=-38.4 Therefore, based on the above computation, the results shows that the data collected is statistically not significant and can be relied upon in making decision. This is because all the outcomes as per the hypothesis i.e. ï  ¢jï‚ ¹0. Thus, the population is a null hypothesis. ii. ï  ¢2=0 against H0:ï  ¢2ï‚ ¹0 using a significance level of 0.05 dlypci = ï  ¢1 + ï  ¢2lypc90i + ï  ¢3lsecedi + ï  ¢4govgdpi + ï  ¢5openi + ï  ¢6infli + ï  ¢7crediti + ui =ï  ¢1+102.7*0.1+93*0+21742.5*0+36.97*0+ (112.62-65.79)*0+1.130044*0+0.05 18.37= ï  ¢1+10.25 ï  ¢1=8.1 while for Algerian =ï  ¢1+59.77*0.1+61*0+5189.55*0+90.65*0+ (49.95-44.38)*0+0.399052*0+0.05 -38.35=ï  ¢1+5.977+0.05 ï  ¢1=-44.28 The hypothesis is not true is null in nature and can not be relied upon in making decision according to the model stated. (Wellek Stefan, 2003) iii. H0:ï  ¢3=0 against H0:ï  ¢30 using a significance level of 0.05 =ï  ¢1+102.7*0+93*0+21742.5*1+36.97*0+ (112.62-65.79)*0+1.130044*0+0.05 18.37=ï  ¢1+21742.5+0.05 ï  ¢1=-21724.2 where as for Algeria =ï  ¢1+59.77*0+61*0+5189.55*1+90.65*0+ (49.95-44.38)*0+0.399052*0+0.05 -38.35=ï  ¢1+5189.55+0.05 ï  ¢1=-5227.95 The test statistic results are used to determine the likelihood of results computed, for instance, the larger the value of statistic, then the further the number or distance sample mean or standard deviation. Though the result ca be relied on, but is further from the mean value. iv. H0:ï  ¢7=0 against H0:ï  ¢70 using a significance level of 0.1 =ï  ¢1+102.7*0+93*0+21742.5*0=36.97*0+ (112.62-65.79)*0+1.130044*1+0.1 18.37=ï  ¢1+1.130044+0.1 ï  ¢1=17.3 on the other side Algeria results are; =ï  ¢1+59.77*0+61*0+5189.55*0+90.65*0+ (49.95-44.38)*0+0.399052*1+0.1 -38.35=ï  ¢1+0.399052+0.1 ï  ¢1=-38.9 The above alternative hypothesis can be relied upon in making decisions, since the population Parameter is less than, more than or not equal to the stated values in the null hypothesis as per the model. This is contrary to null hypothesis (3) Based on the model determined in the previous computations, An appropriate advise can now be made on whether, the ministry of finance should spend extra money effectively on secondary school education, or consider bailing out banks can be easily arrived at in a more concise and appropriate manner keeping in mind that the main objective is to increase the overall growth in GDP per capita for the coming fifteen years. For instance, using Algeria and United Kingdom based on H0:ï  ¢7=0 against H0:ï  ¢70 using a significance level of 0.1, the results would be as follows, dlypci = ï  ¢1 + ï  ¢2lypc90i + ï  ¢3lsecedi + ï  ¢4govgdpi + ï  ¢5openi + ï  ¢6infli + ï  ¢7crediti + ui =ï  ¢1+102.7*0+93*0+21742.5*0=36.97*0+ (112.62-65.79)*0+ (1.130044+2)*1+0.1 18.37=ï  ¢1+3.130044+0.1 ï  ¢1=15.24 =ï  ¢1+59.77*0+61*0+5189.55*0+90.65*0+ (49.95-44.38)*0+ (0.399052+2)*1+0.1 -38.35=ï  ¢1+2.399052+0.1 ï  ¢1=-40.9 The ministry of finance should consider investing more money (USD 2 billion) on secondary education as opposed to being spent on bailing out the banks. An increase by $2billion has a considerable increase in the countries GDP. This is because education is the key pillar of economic stimulant which is channeled to other sectors of economy. In the longer run i.e. 15 years to come, all sectors including banking institutions will be much better having improved so much. Employment level will increase, income per person would also rise and as a result of this, the overall well being of all the citizens will be better. (4) Diagnostic test on the empirical model and the hypothesis tested previously in question two following; i. Linearity assumption. According to linearity assumption, the general rule is that, for any regression model which has an independent variable (Hardy Melissa1993). Then such variable is represented by both non-square and squared terms which have significance. If the value chosen is less than the significance level, then it is recommendable to accept the hypothesis that the entire population represented by the variable is statistically significant. This is contrary to the null hypothesis, which the reverse is true. Therefore based on the following hypothesis, H0:ï  ¢7=0 against H0:ï  ¢70 using a significance level of 0.1. As computed earlier the results should be accepted. dlypci = ï  ¢1 + ï  ¢2lypc90i + ï  ¢3lsecedi + ï  ¢4govgdpi + ï  ¢5openi + ï  ¢6infli + ï  ¢7crediti + ui For instance since the result obtained ï  ¢1=-40.9 which is less than 0 then the hypothesis should be accepted and be used in making decisions. ii. Homoscedasticity assumption The model assumes that all dependent variables have the same amount of variables across the range of values for each independent variable. It requires that, all independent variables be non-metric (Lehmann, 2010). Once this is the case, then it can be evaluated as one of the residual analysis in the multiple regressions. Since the diagnostic hypothesis test for homogeneity of the variances and the degree of confidence is 0.1 which is much higher, then the result can be relied upon. 18.37=ï  ¢1+3.130044+0.1, ï  ¢1=15.24, according to United Kingdom results, since the degree of confidence is over 0.05 as is the case with other hypothesis, the result is significant. iii. Normality assumption Statistical method includes hypothesis test for the linearity i.e. the thumb rule which assumes that a relationship is always linear if the difference between the non-linear and the linear correlation coefficient is small. If the transformations for an independent or a dependent variable are statistically significant, then the problem is linear (Koch, 1999). And incase, the transformation is not statistically significant, then there is no relationship at all. The results computed in the previously indicate that the problem is linear, thus statistically significant. (5) Dummy variable represents a number of data categories; it is used to find out if being in a certain category has a comparable difference with being in the other category. The value for dummy is either one or zero (Kooyman, 1976). For instance, the number of student enrolment in secondary school for different levels could be used based on the empirical model computed earlier. dlypci = ï  ¢1 + ï  ¢2lypc90i + ï  ¢3lsecedi + ï  ¢4govgdpi + ï  ¢5openi + ï  ¢6infli + ï  ¢7crediti + ui Supposed the value of students enrolled is 0 and the government share on GDP is 1, then this means that less money will be stent on education. Though in the normal case, the government incurs expenditures on its projects such as education before considering having its share. The same effect will be on other variable incase they are assumed to be dummy. The result will be that the overall per capita GDP of the country will be lower. In case the value changes from 0 to a much higher value like 3, then the result will no longer be dummy. A slighter change in any variable will significantly affect the entire result for per capita GDP. (6) The main objective of altering or changing of variables is necessary in testing the effectiveness and the accuracy of the empirical model and does not really change the decision of using the $2 billion to foster secondary education rather than investing the funds in the banking institution. In order to realize the value of $2 billions, the Ministry of finance should consider investing the funds in education sector which will in tern be realized in less than a span of 15 years. This is evidenced as per the tests and computations determined above. Reference: Barnard, C.  2007, Asking questions in biology: a guide to hypothesis-testing, analysis and presentation in practical work and research. Harlow: Pearson Education. Hardy Melissa1993, Regression with dummy variables, Newbury Park: Sage Publications.   Koch, 1999, Parameter estimation and hypothesis testing in linear models S.l: Springer.   Kooyman, M.   1976, Dummy variables in econometrics, Tilburg: Tilburg University Press. Lehmann, E.  2010, Testing statistical hypotheses. New York: Springer.   Wellek Stefan, 2003, Testing Statistical hypotheses of equivalence, Boca Raton, Fla: Chapman Hall/CRC.

The Great Gatsby Final Free Essays

In the novel The Great Gatsby, each heartache has very distinctive characteristics; all has life goals and dreams, and played an irreplaceable role in the novel. At first glance, the protagonists and antagonists are clear to see. One would place Jay Gatsby as the good guy, the one who has American dream, and who is a hopeless romantic who believes in everlasting love. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby Final or any similar topic only for you Order Now For Daisy and Tom, they are definitely the antagonists, the bad ones, the one who tore Gatsby dreams and hopes apart. Nick on the other hand, has a great transformation throughout the novel; being the narrator of the novel, he seemed to have a fairly good view n himself while he’s narrating the story’. Nevertheless, as the novel progress, there are parts and bits that could reveal how he may not be who he claimed to be. This paper would focus on the two characters, Nick Caraway and Daisy Buchanan. Their character will be viewed in an objective way, and attempt to see deeper into their life and why they did what they did. In the end, eventually find out whether they are actually the bad or good guy that people tend to view them, or perhaps there’s something more to them. L. Nick Caraway: The narrator of this novel is Nick Caraway, a man who grew up in family of prominent, well-to-do people† in Chicago; he is a Yale graduate, loves literature and even considers himself as a â€Å"well-rounded man†. After he fought in the World War I, he joined the prosperous and fast-growing business world in New York. Somehow, he is the cousin of the tremendously wealthy Daisy Buchanan, and a college acquaintance of Tom Buchanan, they lived a luxurious life that was completely opposite of his. Being the narrator, it is easy to believe everything that he said, but there are signs that could show that he is not as simple or positive as he pronounce to be, as Peter L. Hays aid in his paper, Initially Nick’s father tells him that â€Å"all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages you’ve had†, presumably material advantages. But Nick interprets the statement to mean â€Å"a sense of fundamental decencies is parceled out unequally at birth†, something very different, and a belief that qualifies Nick very much as a snob. In the novel, Nick is a tolerant and open minded listener, and highly educated so is also an intellectual, people felt the urge to confide to him and trust him. However, while Gatsby made up his past and have illegal business in his present life, Nick’s family also did something similar; they earn their money by selling hardware but cover it up by saying that they have ducal blood. When he describes his own house, he said his house is a â€Å"small eyesore,† and gives him â€Å"consoling proximity of millionaires. † Though sounding somehow self- mocking, he might actually feel like being near to the rich does make up for his own living standards, as if lying about his background and living next to the rich could take up closer to being one of the people in the high society. Nick’s true thoughts over the rich and himself were never clearly identified, UT it seems possible that he does want to fit into the complicated high society, despite the fact that he views himself as morally more advance than all the rest The readers learn more about his personality by the way he speaks and how he described the others as the novel progress. Nick calls himself â€Å"one of the few honest people that I have ever known† In the beginning of the novel, he claimed that he would reserve all judgments while interacting with others, as quoted from the novel: â€Å"Whenever you feel like criticizing any One,† he told me, â€Å"just remember that all the people in this oral haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had. † He didn’t say any more, but we’ve always been unusually communicative in a reserved way, and I understood that he meant a great deal more than that. In consequence, I’m inclined to reserve all judgments [†¦ J. In the above passage, Nick said that he would reserve judgment on all things, but throughout the novel, he seems to be making personal remarks on the other characters. For example, he said his gracious next door neighbor Jay Gatsby is â€Å"unaffected com†, and the Buchannan couple were â€Å"careless people†; even said that his lover Jordan Baker is â€Å"incurably dishonest. Nick is not only the righteous and objective narrator who he claimed to be, he is also someone whose sight is muddled by the lavish life Of the rich and famous. His internal conflict over the lifestyle of his new life in New York goes on throughout the book, and is especially represented by his romantic relationship with Jordan Baker. He is in love with her energy and sophistication, but he is repeatedly disgust by her carelessness and dishonesty. Towards the end of the novel, Jordan said, â€Å"You said a bad driver was only safe until she met another bad driver? Well, I met another bad driver, didn’t l? I mean it was careless of me to make such a wrong guess. I thought you were rather an honest, straightforward person. Thought it was your secret pride. Perhaps in the end, the ones who seem the most trustworthy is the one that should not be trusted at all. I. Daisy Buchanan Daisy Buchanan is an interesting character to kick at. In common day terms, some people might view her as the head cheerleader who married the quarterback of the football team, a shallow beauty who cares about nothing but the superficial, money and good looks. No t exactly a scheming gold- digger, since she is already from the elite social class and has incredible lath of her own, but like what she said she wished her daughter would be, â€Å"a beautiful little fool†. Daisy was born in a rich and high class family in Louisville, where she had a short fling with the handsome young man Jay Gatsby who had a fake identity. When Nick described his cousin Daisy, he said she has a voice that makes her untouchable and â€Å"full of money,† and made her sounds like someone who lives â€Å"high in a white palace, the king’s daughter, the golden girl† She was the kind of girl who would make every girl feel jealous, who lived the life of comfort and had everything that any girl could ever wanted. To Gatsby, she is a symbol of wealth and social status, everything that he wanted and trying to achieve, and Gatsby fell in love with her, dedicated his whole life just for her basing on a faint hope that they could somehow be together once more. Unfortunately, the young lovers never got the chance to have their wishes come true, Daisy married another man when Gatsby was away at war. She did seem regretful though, before she got married, she drunkenly said: â€Å"Here, dearer’. â€Å"She groped around in a waste-basket she had with her on the bed and pulled out the string of peers. Take ‘me down-stairs and give ‘me back to whoever they belong to. Tell ‘me all Daisy change; her mind. Say: ‘Daisy’s change’ her mind! ‘†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ She still ended up marrying the rich Tom Buchanan, some may say she married for the money or did not had the patience to wait for Gatsby any longer, but perhaps all she ever wanted was to be loved and live an easy life, as Jordan described: â€Å"If he left the room for a minute she’d look around uneasily, and say: â€Å"Where’s Tom gone? † and wear the most abstracted expression until she saw him coming in the door. She used to sit on the sand with his head in her lap by the hour, rubbing her fingers over his eyes and looking at him with unfathomable delight. Her love for Tom was not entirely based on his wealth or power, but she simply loved him. When she eventually fell in love with Tom after she reluctantly had got married, it was not that she only cared for the fabulous life and forgot all about Jay Gatsby, she merely wanted what every other 20 something girls wanted, to love and to be loved. Most readers have negative opinions of her. She killed a person by driving clumsily and decided to run away, leaving Jay Gatsby broken hearted and in the end, dead. She is overly rich which caused her to seem careless and did not have any constructive thoughts over other subjects beside love and money. But one must not neglect the fact that she was raised and lived in an environment that only taught her to act the way she did, she did not know any better. As a rich girl growing up, she was probably well protected and well loved, what was she to know what it meant to be responsible for ones actions? And yet, when her baby girl was born, she told Nick: â€Å"all right,’ I said, ‘I’m glad it’s a girl. And I hope she’ll be a fool – that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ It seemed that she was glad that her daughter was a girl, but in between her tears, a sadness also appeared, perhaps she ad wished that her child would be a boy, so it would not have to live as vulnerable as her. But since her child was a girl, she then wished that it was a beautiful fool like she is, to live a simple life and be blinded from all the unhappiness that she had to live with despite her wealth. Although not exactly not as complex and great as the â€Å"Great Gatsby’, and very flawed, Nick and Daisy are still characters who are worth the reader’s attention. They consist of complicated characteristics, both likable and repugnant, which made them seems like people who readers can relate to in their own lives. Novels are reflections of the realities, and having doubts and making bad decisions are things that everyone faces in their life. How to cite The Great Gatsby Final, Papers

Three Chinese Schools Of Thought Essay Research free essay sample

Three Chinese Schools Of Thought Essay, Research Paper The Three Schools Joseph Kemling Chinese Civ Essay 2 The three schools of thought-Confucian, Taoist, and Legalist, all have different positions and grounds as to whether or non the United States should be involved in the struggle in Kosovo. Each school perceived Tao in different ways and had different position? s on human nature. To see how each school would take its side on this issue, we must foremost hold some background information on the schools. Confucius was one of the chief subscribers of the Confucian school of idea. He had one overpowering message: if work forces are to accomplish a province of methodicalness and peace, they need to return to traditional values of virtuousness. These values are based wholly on one construct: jen, which is best translated as # 8220 ; humaneness, # 8221 ; but can besides intend # 8220 ; humanity, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; benevolence, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; goodness, # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; virtue. # 8221 ; This humaneness is a comparatively unusual construct to Western eyes, because it is non chiefly a operable virtuousness. Rather, the occupation of the # 8220 ; gentleman, # 8221 ; ch # 8217 ; ? n tzu, was to concentrate on the highest constructs of behaviour even when this is impractical or foolish. Like his coevalss, Confucius believed that the human order in some manner reflected the Godhead order, or the forms of Eden. More than anything, for Confucius the ancients understood the order and hierarchy of Eden and Earth ; as a consequence, Confucius established the Chinese yesteryear as an infallible theoretical account for the present. ( Reader P. 81 ) What is incumbent on single people is to find the right form to populate and regulate by ; this can be achieved by analyzing the sage-kings and their manner of life and authorities and by following rites conscientiously, for the form of Eden is most explicitly inscribed on the assorted rites, Li, prescribed for the behavior of mundane life. Neglecting ritual, or making rites falsely, demonstrated a moral lawlessness or upset of the most crying sort. These heavenly forms were besides inscribed in the forms of music and dance, Y? eh, so that order in this life could be attained by apprehension and practising the order of traditional and grave music and dance. Music and dance are talked about invariably in the Confucian Hagiographas. Why? Because traditional music and dance absolutely embody the humaneness and wisdom of their composers, who understood absolutely the order of the universe and Eden ; one can make within oneself this wisdom by decently executing this music and dance. ( Reader p. 97 ) Taoism is, along with Confucianism, the most of import strain of Chinese thought through the ages. It is about wholly different from Confucianism, but non contradictory. It ranges over wholly different concerns, so that it is common for persons, philosophers, Chinese novels or movies, etc. , to be both Confucianist and Taoist. The Taoist has no concern for personal businesss of the province, for mundane or everyday affairs of disposal, or for luxuriant ritual ; instead Taoism encourages avoiding public responsibility in order to seek for a vision of the nonnatural universe of the spirit. ( Website ) Taoism is based on the thought that behind all material things and all the alteration in the universe lies one fundamental, cosmopolitan rule: the Way or Tao. This rule gives rise to all being and governs everything, all alteration and all life. Behind the bewildering multiplicity and contradictions of the universe lies a individual integrity, the Tao. The intent of human life, so, is to populate life harmonizing to the Tao, which requires passiveness, composure, non-striving ( wu Wei ) , humbleness, and deficiency of planning, for to program is to travel against the Tao.The text of Lao Tzu is chiefly concerned with portraying a theoretical account of human life lived by the Tao ; later authors will emphasize more mystical and charming facets. But Lao Tzu was, like Confucius, Mo Tzu, and Mencius, besides concerned with the nature of authorities ; he believed unquestioningly in the thought that a authorities could besides be in conformity with the Tao. What would such a authorities expression like? It would non pay war, it would non be complex, it would non interfere in people # 8217 ; s lives, it would non wallow in luxury and wealth, and, ideally, it would be inactive, functioning chiefly as a usher instead than as a governor. There were people who tried to translate Lao Tzu into existent political action during the Han dynasty ; these were, as you might conceive of, dramatic failures. Taoism is often called in China, # 8220 ; The Teachings of the Yellow Emperor and Lao Tzu, # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; The Teachings of Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu. # 8221 ; Now, Chuang Tzu ( 369-286 B.C. ) was a existent individual ; his instructions come down to us in a short aggregation of his expressions. The Yellow Emperor is wholly fabulous. This Lao Tzu, nevertheless, we know nil about ; we can non state with certainty if he existed and when ; on the other manus, we can non state with certainty that he did non be. All we know is that we have a really short book, the Lao Tzu ( or Tao te ching ) , whose writer is supposed to be Lao Tzu. The book is difficult to read ( as is Chuang Tzu ) , for one of the underlying rules of Taoism is that it can non be talked about. Hence, Lao Tzu uses non-discursive authorship techniques: contradiction, paradox, mysticism, and metaphor. ( Reader p. 82 ) The Legaliats presented a first in Chinese authorities: the application of a philosophical system to authorities. And despite their blue failure and subsequent demonisation throughout descendants, the philosophical and political inventions they practiced had a permanent consequence on the nature of Chinese authorities. The basic starting point for the early Confucianists ( Confucius and Mencius ) was that human existences were basically good ; every homo was born with Te, or # 8220 ; moral virtue. # 8221 ; The 3rd gr eat Confucianist of antiquity, Hs? n Tzu ( fl. 298-238 B.C. ) , believed precisely the antonym, that all human existences were born basically depraved, selfish, greedy, and lubricious. However, this was non some dark and pessimistic position of humanity, for Hs? n Tzu believed that worlds could be made good through socialization and instruction ( which is the basic position of society in Europe and America from the eighteenth to the 20th centuries: worlds are basically basal and coarse but can be taught to be good and refined ) . His student, Han Fei Tzu, began from the same starting point, but determined that worlds are made good by province Torahs. The lone manner to look into human selfishness and corruption was to set up Torahs that bounteously rewarded actions that benefit others and the province and ruthlessly penalize all actions that harmed others or the province. For Confucius, power was something to be wielded for the benefit of the people, but for Han Fei, the benefit of the people lay in the ruthless control of single selfishness. Since even the emperor can non be counted on to act in the involvements of the people, that is, since even the emperor can be selfish, it is necessary that the Torahs be supreme over even the emperor. Ideally, if the Torahs are written good plenty and enforced sharply, there is no demand of single leading, for the Torahs entirely are sufficient to regulate a province. ( Website ) When the Ch # 8217 ; in gained imperial power after decennaries of civil war, they adopted the thoughts of the Legalists as their political theory. In pattern, under legalists such as Li Ssu ( d. 208 B.C. ) and Chao Kao, the Legalism of the Ch # 8217 ; in dynasty ( 221-207 ) involved a unvarying dictatorship. Peoples were conscripted to labour for long periods of clip on province undertakings, such as irrigation undertakings or the series of defensive walls in northern China which we know as the Great Wall ; all dissension with the authorities was made a capital offense ; all alternative ways of thought, which the Legalists saw as promoting the natural unruliness of humanity, were banned. The policies finally led to the ruin of the dynasty itself after merely 14 old ages in power. Local peoples began to revolt and the authorities did nil about it, for local functionaries feared to convey these rebellions to the attending of the governments since the studies themselves might be construed as a unfavorable judgment of the authorities and so consequence in their executings. The emperor # 8217 ; s tribunal did non detect these rebellions until it was far excessively tardily, and the Ch # 8217 ; in and the policies they pursued were discredited for the remainder of Chinese history. ( Reader p. 82 ) But it is non so easy to disregard Legalism as this short, anomalous, unpleasant period of dictatorship in Chinese history, for the Legalists established ways of making authorities that would deeply influence ulterior authoritiess. First, they adopted Mo Tzu # 8217 ; s thoughts about utilitarianism ; the merely occupations that people should be engaged in should be businesss that materially benefited others, peculiarly agribusiness. Most of the Ch # 8217 ; in Torahs were efforts to travel people from useless activities, such as scholarship or doctrine, to utile 1s. This utilitarianism would last as a dynamic strain of Chinese political theory up to and including the Maoist revolution. Second, the Legalists invented what we call # 8220 ; regulation of jurisprudence, # 8221 ; that is, the impression that the jurisprudence is supreme over every single, including single swayers. The jurisprudence should govern instead than persons, who have authorization merely to administrate the jurisprudence. Third, the Legalists adopted Mo Tzu # 8217 ; s thoughts of uniform standardisation of jurisprudence and civilization. In order to be effectual, the jurisprudence has to be uniformly applied ; no-one is to be punished more or less badly because of their societal standing. This impression of # 8220 ; equality before the jurisprudence # 8221 ; would, with some alterations, remain a cardinal construct in theories of Chinese authorities. In their pursuit for unvarying criterions, the Ch # 8217 ; in undertook a undertaking of standardising Chinese civilization: the authorship system, the pecuniary system, weights and steps, the philosophical systems ( which they chiefly accomplished by destructing rival schools of idea ) . This standardisation deeply affected the coherency of Chinese civilization and the centralisation of authorities ; the effort to standardise Chinese thought would take in the early Han dynasty ( 202 B.C.-9 A.D. ) to the merger of the rival schools into one system of idea, the alleged Han Synthesis. ( Website ) With this background information, I believe that the Confucianists and the Legalists would support the U.S. engagement in Kosovo ; while the Taoists would be against it. The Confucianists would see it as their responsibility to assist out the people in Kosovo, and to halt the atrociousnesss that are happening at that place. Not acquiring involved would be non being virtuous. The power of the United States should be wielded to assist the people and the province. The Legalists would besides back up engagement in Kosovo, but for a different ground than the Confucianists. They would see it as their right to demo tough love to the Yugoslavians. They would privation to back up the UN? s determination that no state can interrupt the jurisprudence and non be punished. Once the Yugoslav? s were punished, they would see the visible radiation as to what is the proper thing to make. The Legalists believed that merely penalizing Yugoslavia for their bad behaviour would benifit the universe and give it order. The Taoists would non back up the U.S. engagement in Kosova for many grounds. The Taoists believe in the virtuousnesss of inactivity. They believed that the intent of human life, so, is to unrecorded life harmonizing to the Tao, which requires passiveness, composure, non-striving ( wu Wei ) , and humbleness. The Taoists would hence non prosecute in an aggressive onslaught in Kosovo.

Flower shop free essay sample

For a single small store with direct sales to buyers/end users, going through the exercise of deciding on appropriate distribution and sales force choices may yield new sales and volume gains. For example, Teddy Bears Flower Shop research finds that most of its customers are located within a radius of a half to one mile of the flower shop. Further, many customers of Teddys and other shops are dissatisfied with the difficulty of buying flowers. Florist shops are not always located within a conveniently accessible radius of work or home. Flower gifts are very personal, and shoppers like to see the arrangements and attach a personal card to the gift, if possible. Flowers are sold locally by other independent flower shops and other outlets such as grocery stores, plant nurseries, the airport, train and bus terminals. Teddy decided that his local direct competitors included independent flower shops, the airport, and commuter train stations. We will write a custom essay sample on Flower shop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His marketing strategy was to sell primarily to business people, not homemakers. He estimated the total market was over $1,000,000 per year, based on obtaining information on wholesaler shipments into the local warehouses. He also obtained estimates of volume done by his various competitors from delivery personnel that came to his shop. Teddy continued to research the possibility of another way to gain sales from local area businesses within a mile of his shop. He began making notes from his discussions with customers about frequency of purchase and what kind of gift they wanted to buy for what kind of occasions. He asked about gift price ranges, and how much they were willing to spend. He asked them about their degree of satisfaction for the flowers/plants they bought for gifts. Teddy already sold teddy bears in the shop, and considered what other types of merchandise and gifts he could sell. He considered opening a second and third shop in the airport and train station and purchasing an adjacent neighborhood store. However, these were very expensive and risky alternatives for Teddy. He did not have the financial resources to tackle new store locations at this time. He finally decided on telemarketing and marketing by fax to local businesses with an expansion of gift assortments, based on his market research surveys. He estimated a budget of $1,000 per month was required to cover his total marketing area for potential business lead lists, extra operators, and fax broadcast services. This extra expense required $3,000 per month in extra sales to break even (materials and overhead = 67 percent). However, Teddy decided he could afford only $300 per month in risk capital for the first year. Teddy decided to try out the idea over a years time to see if enough extra business could be generated in part of the industrial neighborhood nearby. He considered charging a nominal fee of $1-2 per order for the extra service in calls and faxes to help defray costs. Teddys mission was to offer the highest value and most creative solutions to gift giving to his industrial customers. Working in cooperation with local wine merchants, cheese vendors, and other retailers, Teddy could envision a gift basket business whose product would always include a fresh plant or flowers packaged with wine and/or cheese. These combinations would add variety and value and could command a premium price. Teddy paid his two high-school age children to pass out flyers and make sales calls to local businesses after school three days a week, with businesses being able to order by fax or phone. Eventually, he planned to hire a part-time sales rep on commission if business growth warranted it.