Death Penalty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Death Penalty - Research Paper Example Thereby, death penalty ought to remain legal in the United States owing to the deterrence impact it has on the criminals, the justice it extends to the victims of heinous crimes and their families and the way it prevents the hardcore and repeat offenders from committing more crimes. Death penalty is highly useful because it deters the criminals from committing serious and violent crimes (Banner 219). Any thriving and democratic society needs to maintain the rule of law. Peace and the rule of law are necessary to assure the happiness and well being of the common citizens. It is a practical fact that every society does tend to have individuals and groups who happen to have a violent disposition and a criminal bent of mind. Such people are mostly more prone to committing heinous and rare crimes like murder, rape and acts of aggression. If the courts of law extend soft sentences to such criminals, it is possible that they may commit more serious and rare crimes (Banner 219). This is because a soft sentence tends to give an idea to such criminals that they can commit serious crimes like murder and still can get away with it. In the absence of death penalty, there will be practically nothing that will deter or scare these criminals away from committing violent crimes . The logic is that â€Å"by executing convicted murderers we will deter would-be murderers from killing innocent people (Bedau & Cassell 58) Hence, one important function of the law is to extend such penalties that deter the other criminals from engaging in violent crimes. Thereby, if a murderer is given a death sentence, it sends a message to the other criminals in the society that engaging in violent crimes may cost them their life. Hence, death penalty is a legal provision that has a strong deterrence potential. It stands to be the most appropriate warning to the criminal elements in any society. It would not be wrong to assume that many criminals fall short of

Friction, Work, And Kinetic Energy Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Friction, Work, And Kinetic Energy - Lab Report Example Static friction is denoted as Fstatic. An inequality has been modified; Fstatic ≠¤ ms N where i ms is the coefficient of static friction and N is the normal force exerted by a surface on the object. The normal force is defined as the perpendicular component of the force exerted by the surface. In this experiment, the normal force is equal to the weight of the object because it’s on a horizontal surface Exertion of enough force to move the box requires that the same or more force be applied to keep the box moving to the desired direction to prevent loss of equilibrium which will cause it to stop moving. The friction acting on the box while it is moving is called kinetic friction (Hugh and Roger 2008). In order to slide the box with a constant velocity, a force equivalent to the force of kinetic friction must be applied. Static and kinetic friction depends on the surfaces of the box and the floor and on how hard the box and floor is pressed together. Kinetic friction is modeled with Fkinetic =  µk N where  µk is the coefficient of kinetic friction. In general, this coefficient is less than that for static friction. The mass of the container was measured and recorded. Motion detector was connected to the PC with a USB cable. Kinetic friction icon on the desktop was double clicked to open the program for data collection and analysis A plastic ball was placed on the track and the track leveled by adjusting the track’s feet for the ball to stay in rest. The Motion Detector was placed on the track and positioned so that it could detect the motion of the block as it was sliding towards the detector. No, the kinetic friction does not depend on speed. It only depends on the surfaces in contact. From the data collected during the experiment, it is evident that the speed/velocity of the sliding block does not affect the coefficient of the kinetic

Islamic and Conventional Banking: Customer Satisfaction

Islamic and Conventional Banking: Customer Satisfaction Customer satisfaction is a business term which measure that how products and services supplied by a company or business organisation meet or fulfil customer expectations. Customer satisfaction is believed a very important and key performance indicator within a business. In a competitive marketplace where businesses compete for customers, customer satisfaction is a key differentiator and has become a very important element of business strategy. Banking is a customer oriented services industry, therefore, the customer is the focus and customer service is the differentiating factors. When the banks are offering almost the similar products and services with some principal differences. It is the customer satisfaction that can influence the performance and determine the competitiveness and success of either an Islamic or Conventional bank. Banks deal with thousands of customers everyday and render different types of services to them. It is a well known reality and fact that no business can exist and grow without customers. And the satisfaction of these customers is as important as the customers itself are important for any business. Satisfied customers are central to optimal performance and financial returns. Better understanding of customers perceptions is important for a Bank to determine the actions required to meet the customers needs. Banks can identify their own strengths and weaknesses, where they stand in comparison to their competitors, chart out path future progress and improvement. Customer satisfaction measurement helps to promote an increased focus on customer outcomes and stimulate improvements in the work practices and processes used within the company. 1.2 Research Objectives The main aim of this study is to:- Review and analyse the literature available on both Islamic and Conventional bank with special reference to Pakistan. Examine and evaluate the performance of the Islamic and conventional banks in Pakistan. Find out the level of Customers knowledge about the products and services provided by their banks. Find out the factors of customers dissatisfaction from the products and services of their bank. Find out the main factors of motivation for a customer to deal with either an Islamic or a conventional bank. Find out that to what extent customers are satisfied with their banks. 1.3 Research Questions The research is target to examine the Islamic and conventional banking in Pakistan in relation to product analysis and customer satisfaction. This research will be helpful to answer the following questions:- Performance of which form of banking is better than the other and why? What are the main differences between the products offered by the Islamic and Conventional banks in Pakistan? What is the customers satisfaction level with both forms of banking? What are the factors of motivation for a customer to deal with a bank? What are the main factors of customers dissatisfaction from a bank? Which form of banking is more rewarding and reliable in Pakistan? What are the suggestions and recommendation to improve the services and operations of both Islamic and Conventional banks? 1.4 Research Rational The Researcher worked in a conventional bank for about 1 year, at the time when there was no Islamic bank in Pakistan. But there seemed to be a demand in the customer for such kind of banks at that time. Researcher is keen to start his career in the banking sector of Pakistan. At the moment there are about 35 banks working in Pakistan out of which 6 of them are registered as Islamic banks, but majority of the Islamic banks started their operations very recently. But if we compare them with conventional banks in Pakistan conventional banks are much older and larger then these Islamic banks. The Researcher is committed to investigate the principal difference between the both conventional and Islamic banks, their products, their reliability and the factors encouraging the customers to invest their money in any of these two forms of banking. The researcher will also analyse the key factors which play their role in either the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the customer of these banks and which form of banking is more successful in relation to customer Satisfaction and why? The researcher will also come out with the suggestions to improve the service of the banks to satisfy their customer. 1.5 Research Context Banks are performing various functions to provide variety of products and services for different sectors of the economy. Pakistan came into being in 1947; the first Pakistani bank started its operations the same year in the month of September. Since that time Pakistani banking sector is experiencing difficulties due to unpractical policies and uncertainty. Private Sector banks strongly dominated during the first almost 20 years but all the banks were nationalized in 1974, which proved disastrous move for the banking sector of Pakistan. Nationalization of private banks badly affected the performance of these banks. So, these banks were privatized again in 1992. Pakistans banking sector consists of Scheduled commercial banks, which include nationalized, foreign and private banks. Pakistans banking sector has been going through a comprehensive but complex and very painful process of restructuring since 1997. It is aimed at making these institutions financially sound and forging their li nks firmly with the real sector for promotion of savings, investment and growth. A complete turnaround in this sector will not be possible and is not expected as well but signs of improvement can be seen. Islamic banking was started in the late 70s in Pakistan, but it was initially introduced in the conventional banks. The first Islamic banking license was issued in 2002 to the Meezan Bank Ltd; this bank started its operations in Pakistan in the year 2003. The Islamic banking has gained momentum worldwide. There are more than 185 Islamic banks and financial institutions operating in the world. The popularity of Islamic banking in not limited to Islamic banks only. A large number of conventional banks in Pakistan and all over the world are showing increasing interest in the Islamic banking system as well. The consequence of this is that Islamic banks operating in Islamic countries are faced with strong competition not only from Islamic banks but also from non-Islamic rivals Habib Bank Ltd Habib Banks Ltd. was the first commercial bank to be established in Pakistan in 1947. Over the years, HBL has grown its branch network and become the largest private sector bank with over 1,450 branches across the country and a customer base exceeding five million relationships. The Government of Pakistan privatized HBL in 2004 through which AKFED acquired 51% of the banks shareholding and management control. HBL is majority owned (51%) by the Aga Khan Fund of Economic Development, 42.5% of the shareholding is retained by the Government of Pakistan (GOP), whilst 7.5% is owned by the general public i.e. over 170,000 shareholders following the public listing that took place in July 2007. Nepal, Nigeria, Kenya and Kyrgyzstan and rep offices in Iran and China, HBL is also the largest domestic multinational. The bank is expanding its presence in principal international markets including the UK, UAE, South and Central Asia, Africa and the Far East. Key areas of operations encompass product offering and services in retail and consumer banking. HBL has the largest corporate Banking portfolio in the country with an active investment banking arm. SME and Agriculture lending programmes and banking services are offered in urban and rural centres. HBL is currently rated AA (Long term) and A-1+ (Short term) and has a balance sheet size over USD 11 billion. It is the first Pakistani bank to raise Tier II Capital from external sources. Meezan Bank Ltd. Meezan Bank Limited, a publicly listed company, was incorporated on January 27, 1997 and started operations as an investment bank in August that year. In January, 2002 in a historic initiative, Meezan Bank was granted the nations first full-fledged commercial banking license as a dedicated Islamic Bank, by the State Bank of Pakistan. Meezan Bank has clearly established itself as the largest Islamic Bank in Pakistan with the largest Islamic Banking branch network in the country. The banking sector is showing a significant paradigm shift away from traditional means of business and is catering to an increasingly astute and demanding financial consumer, who is also becoming keenly aware of Islamic Banking. Meezan Bank bears the critical responsibility of leading the way forward in establishing a stable and dynamic Islamic Banking system replete with dynamic and cutting-edge products and services. During the eight years of its operations as an Islamic commercial bank offering universal banking services to customers, Meezan Bank has been one of the fastest growing banks in the history of Pakistans banking sector. Average growth in deposits has been 55% per annum during this period while the branch network grew from 4 to 201. The Bank has established a strong and credible management team comprised of experienced professionals, that have achieved a strong balance sheet with excellent operating profitability and strong ratios, which places the Bank at the top of the Islamic Banking industry. The Bank has been assigned a long-term entity rating of A+ with a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Stable outlook and a short-term entity rating of A1. The Banks main shareholders are leading financial institutions of the Region namely, Noor Financial Investment Company, Kuwait, a leading investment company based in Kuwait; Pak-Kuwait Investment Company, a AAA rated financial entity in the country and the Islamic Development Bank of Jeddah. The established position, reputation, strength and stability, of these institutions add significant value to the Bank through Board representation and applied synergies. The bank has developed an extraordinary research and development capability by combining investment bankers, commercial bankers, Shariah scholars and legal experts to develop innovative, viable, and competitive value propositions that not only meet the requirements of todays complex financial world, but do so with world-class service excellence which our customers demand, all within the bounds of Shariah. Meezan Bank has a strong technology focus. It has invested heavily in state-of-the-art software applications à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" namely Temenos T-24 and Oracle. It has also recently upgraded its hardware platform and also has a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hot disaster recovery site in place to cater to any unforeseen eventualities. By implementing robust and aggressive strategic and tactical initiatives on the side of consumer banking, Meezan Bank aims to fulfil its prime target of providing customers accessibility and convenience, within an atmosphere and culture of dedicated service and recognition of their needs. The Bank has a rapidly growing branch network across all major cities nation-wide. Meezan Bank, believe in adding value to its customers lives and businesses through dynamic and competitive products and services that fulfil their needs while conforming completely to the dictates of Shariah. At the same time, they endeavor to deliver competitive risk-adjusted returns to our stakeholders LITERATURE REVIEW Within the last few years, a number of studies have provided the discipline into the Practice of conventional and Islamic banking sector. An insight of related studies is as follows:- Islamic banks are striving to capture the maximum number of customers to compete with conventional banks by providing a large number of products as an alternative for interest based products. In Pakistan, banks are providing a wide range of products and services and facing intensive competition to attract potential customers. Persuraman et al. (1985, 1991b) devised SERVQUAL model and investigated the service quality. They explored ten dimensions of service quality and refined into five dimensions. It was documented that an increase in service quality and professional behaviour resulted a greater customer satisfaction and reduced customer erosion (Leeds, 1992). The relationship between service quality and Customer satisfaction is becoming crucial with the increased level of awareness among bank customers (Sureshchander et al. 2002). The conventional banking theories assume that banks earn profits by purchasing deposits from the depositors at a low interest rate, then reselling those funds to the Borrowers at higher interest rate, based on its competitive advantage at gathering Information and underwriting risk (Santos, 2000). Therefore, conventional banks Make profits from the spread between the interest rate received from borrowers and the interest rate paid to depositors. Islamic banking is considered as a different banking stream as it prohibits interest and replaces with (a) profit share and (b) the profit share depends on the extent of the risk participation of the parties. The absence of pre-determined rewards is based on Quranic commands and as interpreted using Shariah principles (Ariff, 2006). Islamic banks showed remarkable progress. It has captured a reasonable market share with excellent growth rate of 114% per annum. The increasing number and size of Islamic banks is also a positive sign of development and success. There are six full-fledged Islamic banks working in different cities of Pakistan and 13 conventional banks have started partial Islamic banking practices by establishing a large number of branches exclusively engaged in Islamic banking practices (SBP, 2006). The prohibition of interest in Islam caused many writings to come forward with an idea to establish banks that do not work on interest basis. So the basic difference between Islamic banks and conventional banks is that Islamic banks are interest free banks whereas conventional banks are interest based banks. (Kahf 2006) Although interest and profit are very clear concepts but they are misunderstood by many people. Basic difference between interest and profit is that interest is the reward to money and profit is the reward to capital investment. In other words money produces interest and capital investment produces profits. (Toutounchian 2004) Islamic finance has gripped the world with a strong commitment and passion. It has been depicted that interest in this segment has grown rapidly in almost 60 countries, not only in Islamic countries but in the leading global financial centers. Even United Kingdom has adopted an open door policy and provided a level playing field to Islamic finance and now Singapore is following its lead. (Dr.Shamshad 2007) Islamic banking has shown tremendous growth in the past 20 years, with estimated deposits surpassing $80 billion in more than 45 countries. Annual turnover is currently estimated at $70 billion and is projected to pass $100 billion by 2000. (OSullivan 1994, p. 7) For the last 60 years, the mode of banking in Pakistan was totally of interest based but now there is a shift from western banking to Islamic banking in number of banks in Pakistan and also there are some new banks like Meezan bank which is totally based on Islamic banking. In 2007 Meezan Bank creates a significant milestone in the history of Islamic Banking by opening its 100th branch in the city of Karachi. With 100 branches in 31 cities clearly positions the Bank as the leading Islamic Bank in Pakistan. Two new dedicated Islamic Banks start operations in Pakistan, namely Emirates Islamic Bank and Dawood Islamic Bank. (Meezan Bank 2007) Mishkin (2001) reported that banking and financial services are the integral part of services industry and its contribution is increasing with the passage of time. However, expansion of global and integrated banking sector has to face many challenges of legislation, technological and structural changes (Angur et al. 1999). The relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction is investigated by a number of researchers across the globe. It is concluded that there is strong association between dimensions of service quality and overall customer satisfaction (Anderson and Sullivan, 1993). It is found that the banking industry has a link between service quality and customer satisfaction (Avkiran, 1994). Islamic banking practices resulted into a notable increase in the supply of loans. It is found that government intervention played an important role to manage funds besides other economic factors in the economy (Makiyan, 2003). Levesque and McDougall (1996) investigated the influence of key determinants of service quality on customer satisfaction in financial institutions. They found a substantial impact of service problems on customer satisfaction and their intensions to switch. It is suggested that service quality is an essential determinant of customer satisfaction (Yavas e t al., 1997). Islamic banks working in different parts of the world assessed their performance in reference to service quality and customers responses. An empirical study was conducted to measure customer awareness and satisfaction by using a sample of 206 respondents towards Islamic banking in Jordan. It is observed that customers have awareness about products of Islamic bank but expressed a sense of dissatisfaction towards some of the services (Naseer, Jamal and Al-Khatib, 1999). Bahia and Nantel (2000) developed an alternative scale for measurement of service quality in retail banking. They developed BSQ and compared with SERVQUAL. They found that BSQ dimensions are more reliable than SERVQUAL dimensions. In another study SERVQUAL is compared with Technical/Functional quality of services in private banks. Results showed that Technical/Functional quality model is better (Lassar et.al, 2000). A survey of 801 customers indicated that customers perception of service quality differs in terms of demographic characteristics (gender, ethnicity, education and income) of the respondents (Urban and Pratt, 2000). The working of the customers mind is a mystery which is difficult to solve and understanding the nuances of what customer satisfaction is, a challenging task. This exercise in the context of the banking industry will give us an insight into the parameters of customer satisfaction and their measurement. This vital information will help us to build satisfaction amongst the customers and customer loyalty in the long run which is an integral part of any business. The customers requirements must be translated and quantified into measurable targets. This provides an easy way to monitor improvements, and deciding upon the attributes that need to be concentrated on in order to improve customer satisfaction. We can recognize where we need to make changes to create improvements and determine if these changes, after implemented, have led to increased customer satisfaction. If you cannot measure it, you cannot improve it. Lord William Thomson Kelvin (1824-1907). Oppewal and Vriens (2000) empirically investigated the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction by using original SERVQUAL instrument with 10 dimensions as devised by Parasuraman et al. (1985). This study gave a direction to relate service quality and customer satisfaction. Service quality gained significance with the passage of time due to increased competition among service firms. It was examined that how customer satisfaction affects the customers behavioral consequences. The study found a strong impact of customer satisfaction on their decision to stay with the existing service provider; and restrain their negative behavioral intentions. (Athanassopoulos, Gounaris and Stathakopoulos, 2001). Kayis, Kim and Shin (2003) conducted a comparative analysis of Australian and Korean banks to find out the quality management practices and its outcomes. They found a meaningful relationship between perceived service quality and customer satisfaction. They suggest that or ganizations should focus on service quality as an input to customer satisfaction for long-term benefits and business success. Now banks have realized the importance of service quality for successful survival in todays global and highly competitive environment (Wang et al. 2003). Jamal (2004) investigated the customer behaviour in retail banking by considering service quality and its outcomes. It was observed that customers have varied experiences of satisfaction and dissatisfaction for utilization of self-service technologies. Financial sector is becoming more conscious about the performance evaluation regarding quality of products/services according to customers expectations. In another study, findings reveal a positive correlation between financial performance and customer service quality scores (Duncan and Elliott, 2004). Curry and Penman (2004) reported that service quality is inevitable for differentiation to compete in the banking sector. They suggested that the right service could retain the customers for long-term benefits. So, Banks should maintain the level of services by proper allocation of resources to meet customer requirements. Findings indicated that financial institutions require reasonable procedures to evaluate the overall satisfaction of their customers. However, understanding of changing needs and expectations of customers is an essential prerequisite for the financial sector (Joseph et al. 2005). Jabnoun and Khalifa (2005) proposed and tested a measure of service quality to compare conventional and Islamic banks in UAE. The study found that four dimensions were significant in case of conventional banks. While only personal skill and values were crucial in determining service quality in Islamic banks. It is found that bank-customer relationship quality is evident between satisfied and dissatisfied customers. Both types of customers have clearly distinctive feelings regarding their service experience (Nelson and Chan, 2005). Al-Hawari and Ward (2006) found that customer satisfaction plays an inter-mediator role in the relationship between service quality and financial performance of the banks. In another study, overall customer satisfaction was investigated in Malaysian banking industry by collecting data from 220 customers of 15 retail banks. It was found that overall customer satisfaction is one of the key determinants of relationship quality (Nelson, 2006). It is suggested that bank should start service quality improvement programs to enhance customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Razak et al., 2007). On the basis of existing literature, this study examines the perception of bank customers regarding se rvice quality and its impact on customer satisfaction in Pakistani banking sector, we test the following hypotheses. H1: There will be positive relationships between service quality and customer satisfaction regarding Islamic banks in Pakistan. H2: There will be positive relationships between service quality and customer satisfaction regarding Conventional banks in Pakistan. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The main purpose of this research is to analyse the level of customer satisfaction about Meezan Bank Ltd and Habib Bank Ltd in Pakistan. Many authors and writers have defined research and research methodology, most of them if not completely contradictory with each other but are substantially different. Websters Collegiate Dictionary (1977) defines research as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Studious inquiry or examination; esp. investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts or practical application of such new or revised theories of lawsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Andrew and Hildebrand (1982, p. 3) define research as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The orderly procedure by which man increases his knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 3.1 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY 3.2 RESEARCH APPROACH Research approach means the approach or the methodology that has been adopted to conduct the research. Research approach involves the selection of research questions, the conceptual framework that has to be adopted, the selection of appropriate research method such as primary research, secondary research etc. There are mainly two types of research approach:- Inductive approach Deductive approach Inductive Approach An inductive argument is one in which the premises are supposed to support the conclusion in such a way that if the premises are true, it is improbable that the conclusion would be false. Thus, the conclusion follows probably from the premises and inferences. Here is an example: 1. Socrates was Greek. (Premise) 2. Most Greeks eat fish. (Premise) 3. Socrates ate fish. (Conclusion) It may seem that inductive arguments are weaker than deductive arguments because there must always remain the possibility of their arriving at false conclusions, but that is not entirely true. With deductive arguments, our conclusions are already contained, even if implicitly, in our premises. This means that we dont arrive at new information à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  at best; we are shown information which was obscured or unrecognized previously. Thus, the sure truth-preserving nature of deductive arguments comes at a cost. Inductive arguments, on the other hand, do provide us with new ideas and thus may expand our knowledge about the world in a way that is impossible for deductive arguments to achieve. Thus, while deductive arguments may be used most often with mathematics, most other fields of research make extensive use of inductive arguments. Deductive Approach Deductive argument is one in which it is impossible for the premises to be true but the conclusion false. Thus, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises and inferences. In this way, it is supposed to be a definitive proof of the truth of the claim (conclusion). Here is a classic example: 1. All men are mortal. (Premise) 2. Socrates was a man. (Premise) 3. Socrates was mortal. (Conclusion) As you can see, if the premises are true (and they are), then it simply isnt possible for the conclusion to be false. If you have a deductive argument and you accept the truth of the premises, then you must also accept the truth of the conclusion; if you reject it, then you are rejecting logic itself. 3.3 Research Strategy Research Strategy basically refers to the method of data collection for the specified topic. The term Data can be divided into further 2 branches. Primary Data The primary data basically refers to data which is collected by the researcher for the purpose of answering the problem under discussion. Primary data will be collected through Secondary Data The Secondary data is being obtained by the literature study, journals and articles. Secondary data is normally used to understand the problem under discussion and its helps the Researcher to reach its conclusion. The Researcher will use a quantitative approach for this research study, developing and distributing a questionnaire to customers of Islamic and Conventional banks asking them about their experiences and attitudes in relation to their banks. The questionnaire will include three types of questions, 1) closed questions, requiring the respondent to answer yes or no, 2) open questions allowing the respondent to elaborate on their answers and 3) multiple choice questions, asking respondents to rate their responses on a scale. Primary data collection plan: quantitative or qualitative both methods have to be used appropriately in any research paradigm. The researcher will be using a quantitative approach. The survey strategy will be used to collect quantitative data which is associated with deductive approach and philosophically positivist. The Researcher will distribute questionnaires to the customers from both Islamic and Conventional banks, asking them to complete and return them to the Researcher. 3.4 Research Sample In research terms a sample is a group of people, objects, or items that are taken from a larger population for measurement. The sample should be representative of the population to ensure that we can generalise the findings from the research sample to the population as a whole. Probability sampling means a method of sampling that utilizes random selection. In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have equal probabilities of being chosen. Humans have long practiced various forms of random selection, such as picking a name out of a hat, or choosing the short straw. These days, we tend to use computers as the mechanism for generating random numbers as the basis for random selection. Non probability sampling does not involve random selection but it does not mean that non probability samples arent representative of the population. But it does mean that non probability samples cannot depend upon the rationale of probability theory. At least with a probabilistic sample, we know the odds or probability that we have represented the population well. We are able to estimate confidence intervals for the statistic. With non probability samples, we may or may not represent the population well, and it will often be hard for us to know how well weve done so. In general, researchers prefer probabilistic or random sampling methods over non probabilistic ones, and consider them to be more accurate and rigorous. The Researcher will be using Probability Sampling method for its Primary data collection. 3.5 Research Validity and Reliability The research is designed very carefully in order to maintain the level of validity and reliability. The study which is used is a test and re test approach in order to reduce unfairness and interviewee possible irritation. Both qualitative and quantitative research method are aimed to achieve high level of validity and reliability. Interviews are based on friendly manner to approach people have available time for interviews. Open ended and close ended questions along with some probe were going to be used during in-depth interview. The ethical principle of collecting data is to avoid subjective selectivity in what we record. Researchers needs to maintenance his objectivity by making sure he collects all data and fully (Saunder`s M. et al 2007). 3.6 Research Ethics The ethical principle of collecting data is to avoid subjective selectivity in what we record. Researcher needs to maintenance his objectivity by making sure he collects all data accurately and fully (Saunders, M. et al. 2007). Time Period and task to do March 2010 April 2010 May 2010 June 2010 July 2010 August 2010 Weeks, 17, Prepare dissertation proposal and submission before 29th April 2009. Continue searching the literature review and its submission to supervisor. .. . . Weeks, 18,19 .. Weeks, 20,21 Interviewing with participants, and analysing of data simultaneously, gathered from each participant. Revision of draft and supervisor`s comments. Meeting with supervisor, Initial start

Conflicts in the Opening Act and Resolutions in the End of Harold Brigh

How does Harold Brighouse present the differences and conflicts in the opening act and what resolutions are shown in the end? Hobson’s Choice is a play written by Harold Brighouse based in the Victorian times. This may be a reason why there were so many differences and conflicts presented in the play because it allows you to look at the historical issues and the social issues. The opening act is brimming with differences and conflicts, some obvious and some subtle. The conflicts were based upon people crossing the social boundaries and going against expectations that the Victorians had set upon us. The differences were mainly believing whether those boundaries should be crossed or not. The differences caused the conflicts. The beliefs caused different actions and those actions caused conflict. The play has two main characters, both strong willed father and daughter, Hobson and Maggie. Hobson is a prosperous Salford boot maker but also an ineffectual tyrant and spends most of his time drinking whilst his three daughters run his home and his shop. Maggie is his eldest daughter, who is immensely efficient and a lot more strong minded then her father. These two characters show the most difference between each other and any other conflict caused was mainly because of their differences. Conflict was not just between Maggie and her father but also between other characters too. For example, Willie and Maggie, Jim and Hobson, Ada and Maggie and even Alice and Vickey against Maggie. You can see that these conflicts had either Maggie or Hobson in them, the strongest characters in the play. Alice showed the first sign of conflict in the first page of the play. Alice had problems with her father drinking and returning home late eac... ...ed right at the end and it was a huge leap shown in Willie by Brighouse to show that Hobson really had lost his authority to be disobeyed by his own worker who was lower class and then Willie to be supported by Maggie showed that Hobson had lost all his support. Harold Brighouse created such an atmosphere to show how people were in the Victorian times. He created characters that could represent many types of people at that time. For example, Hobson represented the middle class man, Maggie the strong willed daughter, Mrs Hepsworth the upper class woman, Ada the lower class women, Willie the timid, hard working man and so on. These characters had many differences and attributes which collided with other personalities. This difference between the characters was why the conflicts occurred and Brighouse managed to change some personalities to make some conflicts die.

Anemia Essay

1. Differentiate between absolute and functional iron deficiency in the context of ACD and IDA. Absolute iron deficiency is when the stores of iron are depleted and bone marrow iron is absent, resulting in low serum ferritin and low transferrin saturation. Simple absolute iron deficiency usually results in iron deficiency anemia and can be resolved with iron supplementation. Functional iron deficiency results in anemia of chronic disease/inflammation, where infections, connective tissue disorders, or other diseases can cause inflammatory cytokines to be released. These inflammatory cytokines inhibit survival of erythroid progenitor cells, reduce EPO production, and cause excess hepcidin production, which decreases the amount of iron absorbed by enterocytes and blocks the release of iron stored in macrophages. In this case, the iron stores in the body are adequate, but are not being released for use, resulting in hypoferremia and creating a pathological basis for ACD. 2. Explain why transferrin levels in the blood are not increased in ACD patients, unlike in IDA patients. Transferrin is a transport protein that is responsible for mediating the exchange of iron between tissues. Most of the iron transferred is derived from the iron stored in the macrophages and not from iron absorbed via the digestive tract. This affects transferrin levels in the blood in ACD because transferrin is a negative acute phase reactant. This means that during an infection or inflammation, the levels of transferrin in the blood decrease as the body tries to minimize the amount of iron accessible to pathogens and sequesters iron within macrophages. Also, most iron-bound transferrin is delivered to the bone marrow for erythropoiesis or tissues for storage, leaving the bloodstream. On the contrary in IDA, transferrin levels in the blood increase because the body is trying to accumulate iron by increasing the level of transferrin. These transferrin proteins aren’t bound to any iron, due to the deficiency, and circulate the bloodstream. 3. Describe the alternative method of assessing or identifying iron deficiency, which we have not discussed in class. The alternative method of  assessing or identifying iron deficiency mentioned in the paper was the use of flow cytometry to measure reticulocyte hemoglobin concentration (CHr). Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that are only present for 1-2 days and are the most recently produced 1% of the erythrocytes. As such any sort of iron deficiency that affects proper erythropoiesis will be present upon analysis of reticulocyte hemoglobin concentration. Use of CHr as well as serum transferrin receptor levels to form diagnostic plots has been useful in identifying iron-restricted erythropoiesis (functional iron deficiency), regardless of whether or not an infection, an acute phase response, or ACD is concurrent. Thomas C, Thomas L. Biochemical markers and hematologic indices in the diagnosis of functional iron deficiency. Clin Chem. 2002;48:1066-1076. 4. How can iron supplementation work in ACD patients? How is it administered? Any drawbacks? In certain cases of ACD, iron supplementation can be therapeutic. Usually, since ACD is not a true iron deficiency, the anemia is resolved when the underlying condition of disease or inflammation is resolved. However, in some cases where the pathophysiological condition cannot be resolved, hematologists must instead target the issues that cause ACD, namely suppressed EPO production and increased iron sequestration as a result of excess hepcidin production. In the case of suppressed EPO production, iron supplements as well as rhEPO therapy can relieve the symptoms of anemia by inducing erythropoiesis. However, hematologists must also take into account that since excess hepcidin is being produced, the iron is unable to be absorbed via enterocytes, and must be administered intravenously. Because of the intravenous iron infusion, patients with ACD are at a high risk of being overloaded with iron and developing hemochromatosis. Drueke, T. B. â€Å"Intravenous Iron: How Much Is Too Much?† Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 16.10 (2005): 2833-835. 5. How have mouse models of ACD helped in the search for better management of ACD? Mouse models of ACD have helped in the search for better management of  ACD by providing two different methods of curbing excessive hepcidin production in those with ACD. Firstly, an ACD mouse was created by infection with Brucella. This mouse was then treated with a short-hairpin RNA sequence that would bind to the mRNA transcript products of the hepcidin gene. The mouse was found to have significantly less hepcidin concurrent with pre-inflammation levels, alleviating anemic symptoms. Secondly, the scientists were able to develop an anti-hepcidin antibody that would inhibit hepcidin production. They first created a knock-in mouse with a human hepcidin gene and then used the anti-hepcidin antibody as an effective treatment for anemia when used with ESA (similar to EPO in humans). Another mouse study was also able to inhibit a bone morphogenetic protein that is elevated (along with IL-6) in ACD patien ts and responsible for increase in hepcidin production making inhibiting of BMP a possible anemia treatment. Sasu BJ, Cooke KS, Arvedson TL et al. Antihepcidin antibody treatment modulates iron metabolism and is effective in a mouse model of inflammation-induced anemia. Blood. 2010;115:3616-3624. Steinbicker AU, Sachidanandan C, Vonner AJ, et al. Inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein signaling attenuates anemia associated with inflammation. Blood. 2011;117:4915-4923.

Why Do We Judge Each Other’s Speech?

â€Å"Why do we as human beings’ pass judgment on each other for doing what comes natural to us like eating? I believe that it’s because some of us are scared to take the time to understand what the other party is trying to say, and these are my reasons why. First, the Dictionary defines the word Speech: as the faculty or power of speaking; oral communication; ability to express one's thoughts and emotions by speech sounds and gesture. The dictionary also defines the word Language: as a body of words and the systems for their use common to a people who are of the same community or nation, the same geographical area, or the same cultural tradition. So by those two definitions we should be able to express our thoughts and emotions by speech sounds and gesture to people who are within our same community or nation, but why does the dictionary state or in between community and nation? Is it because we can speak to one another with the same tone and or accent that other states or countries do not or is it something else? I’m going to leave that answer to you. Second, accent now there’s a word that will help shed some lite on the situation. Accent: the stress of a syllable in terms of differential loudness, or of pitch, or length, or of a combination of these. But is not America made up of different individuals from different nations i. e. Germany, France, Dutch, England, etc. coming together to live as one in peace. I was reading somewhere that the language of regional states is made up of patchwork from different countries that migrated to America. Being that all these countries arrived in America would it be a safe assumption that these same countries adopted the English language as well as vice versa. Maybe with all these countries intergraded into our society it hard to understand witch language to speak? Third, now a days the regions of America are broken up into four groups Eastern, western, mid-western, and southern with every region having their own language, and everyone believes that the other cities/states has the accent not theirs, but through it all there is one language that Americans can agree upon as the master language witch is Blue Collar (Standard English). There are two types of Blue Collar English the original version (The Queans English) and the adopted English we use in America. Both are accepted across the world, and we can understand each other, but The Queans English pronounce its syllables better then American English. Fourth, with in America there are two types of English Standard and Non Standard with Standard English being the dominant language. One cannot receive a well-paying job without learning and speaking Blue Collar English, one cannot be accepted within the Blue Collar community without learning, and speaking Blue Collar English. It is ok to speak nonstandard English within your community, but to get ahead in our society we must learn, read, write, and speak Standard English. These are the standards that we placed upon ourselves is it right some say no, but a lot of other people disagree. Finally, although I’ve been all over the world and tried to understand the culture and dialect of these different countries I’m no better than everyone else I think that my country is the best and we have the best language in the world. Does that make me a bad person no but I do have a lot to work on to better myself as a human.

Chinese Translations of Common English Names

Chinese Translations of Common English Names Learn your Chinese name with this list of English names and their Chinese translation. They are ordered alphabetically, by gender, and  translated based on the English pronunciation of the names. The Chinese names are written in simplified characters, which are used in Mainland China. How the Names Are Translated It is common for Chinese people to translate their native names into English by pronunciation. An English translation is created by using the similar sounds of the Chinese characters. English names can also be translated to Chinese the same way. However, characters in Chinese are often chosen based off of meaning, not just pronunciation, as some characters put together form negative combinations. Gender also introduces  a variety of characters that includes a description of the name, like Marilyn Monroe (玛ä ¸ ½Ã¨Å½ ²Ã‚ ·Ã¦ ¢ ¦Ã©Å" ²) versus Jim Monroe (Ã¥ â€°Ã¥ §â€ Ã‚ ·Ã©â€" ¨Ã§ ½â€"). Here, the latter can be described as more masculine, and the former can be considered more feminine, giving emphasis to their differences in nature. Female Chinese Names A-EAbie  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã§ ¢ §Adriana  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã©â€¡Å'ä ºÅ¡Ã¥ ¨Å"Alanis  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¦â€¹â€°Ã¥ ° ¼Ã¦â€" ¯Alexandra  Ã¤ ºÅ¡Ã¥Å½â€ Ã¥ ± ±Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¦â€¹â€°Alice  Ã§Ë† ±Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¤ ¸ Alicia  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¤ ºÅ¡Alison  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¦ £ ®Alyssa  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¨Å½Å½Amanda  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¦â€º ¼Ã¨ ¾ ¾Amelia  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¦ ¢â€¦Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ¨â€¦Amy  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã§ ¾Å½Anastasia  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¥ ¨Å"ä ¸ Ã¥ ¡â€Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¤ ºÅ¡Andrea  Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ¨â€¦Angelina  Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ â€°Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ¨Å"Angie  Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ â€°Ann  Ã¥ ®â€°Anna  Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Anne  Ã¥ ®â€°Annette  Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¦ ®Ã§â€° ¹Annie  Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¦ ®April  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¦â„¢ ®Ã¥ °â€Ariana  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Ashley  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¤ »â‚¬Ã¨Å½â€°Audrey  Ã¥ ¥ ¥Ã© »â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Barbara  Ã§ ¬â€ Ã§ ¬â€ Ã¦â€¹â€°Becky  Ã¨ ´ Ã¥Å¸ ºBetsy  Ã¨ ´ Ã§  ªBetty  Ã¨ ´ Ã¨â€™â€šBeyonce  Ã§ ¢ §Ã¦Ëœâ€šÃ¦â€" ¯Bianca  Ã§ ¢ §Ã¦Ëœâ€šÃ¥  ¡Brenda  Ã¥ ¸Æ'å… °Ã¨ ¾ ¾Bridget  Ã¥ ¸Æ'é‡Å'Ã¥ â€°Ã§â€° ¹Brittany  Ã¥ ¸Æ'é‡Å'Ã¥ ¡â€Ã¥ ° ¼Broo ke  Ã¥ ¸Æ'é ² Ã¥â€¦â€¹Caitlin  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€° ¹Ã§  ³Cameron  Ã¥  ¡Ã¦ ¢â€¦Ã©Å¡â€ Candace  Ã¥ Å½Ã¨ ¿ ªÃ¦â€" ¯Carmen  Ã¥  ¡Ã©â€" ¨Carol  Ã¥  ¡Ã§ ½â€"Ã¥ °â€Carrie  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¨Å½â€°Cassandra  Ã¥  ¡Ã¦ ¡â€˜Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¦â€¹â€°Catherine  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€˜Å¸Ã§  ³Cathy  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¨ ¥ ¿Cecile  Ã¨ µâ€ºÃ¨Å'Å"å„ ¿Celeste  Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¨Å½ ±Ã¦â€" ¯Ã§â€° ¹Charlotte  Ã¥ ¤ Ã§ » ¿Ã¨â€™â€šChelsea  Ã¥Ë†â€¡Ã¥ °â€Ã¨ ¥ ¿Cheryl  Ã¨ ° ¢Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ °â€Christina  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã©â€¡Å'æâ€" ¯Ã¨â€™â€šÃ¥ ¨Å"Christine  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¥ © ·Christy  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã©â€¡Å'æâ€" ¯Ã¨â€™â€šCindy  Ã¨ ¾â€ºÃ¨ ¿ ªClaire  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¨Å½ ±Ã¥ °â€Clara  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¨Å½ ±Ã¦â€¹â€°Claudia  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¥Å  ³Ã¨ ¿ ªÃ¥ ¨â€¦Constance  Ã¥ º ·Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¥  ¦Ã¦â€" ¯Courtney  Ã¨â‚¬Æ'ç‰ ¹Ã¥ ° ¼Cynthia  Ã¨ ¾â€ºÃ¨ ¥ ¿Ã¥ ¨â€¦Daisy  Ã¦Ë† ´Ã¨ ¥ ¿Dalila  Ã¨ ¾ ¾Ã¥Ë† ©Ã¦â€¹â€°Dana  Ã¤ ¸ ¹Ã¥ ¨Å"Daniela  Ã¤ ¸ ¹Ã¦ ¶â€¦Ã¦â€¹â€°Danielle  Ã¤ ¸ ¹Ã¥ ¦ ®Ã¥ °â€Daphne  Ã¨ ¾ ¾Ã¨Å â„¢Ã¥ ¦ ®Deborah  Ã© »â€ºÃ¥ Å¡Ã¦â€¹â €°Denise  Ã¤ ¸ ¹Ã¥ ¦ ®Ã¤ ¸ Destiny  Ã© »â€ºÃ¤ ¸ Ã¨â€™â€šÃ¥ ¦ ®Diana  Ã© »â€ºÃ¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Diane  Ã© »â€ºÃ¥ ®â€°Dina  Ã¨ ¿ ªÃ¥ ¨Å"Donna  Ã¥â€ Ã¥ ¨Å"Doreen  Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã§  ³Dorian  Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã©â€¡Å'Ã¥ ®â€°Edna  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¥ ¨Å"Eileen  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã§  ³Elena  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¨Å½ ²Ã¥ ¨Å"Elisa  Ã§Ë† ±Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¨Å½Å½Elisabeth  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¨Å½Å½Ã§â„¢ ½Elise  Ã§Ë† ±Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¤ ¸ Elizabeth  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¨Å½Å½Ã§â„¢ ½Ella  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¦â€¹â€°Elle  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¨Å½â€°Ellen  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¤ ¼ ¦Eloise  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¨  Ã¤ ¾ Elora  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¥Å  ³Ã¦â€¹â€°Elsa  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¥ °â€Ã¨Å½Å½Elyse  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¤ ¸ Emily  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã§ ± ³Ã¨Å½â€°Emma  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã§Å½â€ºErica  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥  ¡Erika  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥  ¡Eve  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¥ ¤ «Eveline  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã§ » ´Ã§  ³Evelyn  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¨Å â„¢Ã§  ³F-JFelicia  Ã¨  ²Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¤ ºÅ¡Justine  Ã¨ ´ ¾Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¦ ±â‚¬Julie  Ã¦Å" ±Ã¤ ¸ ½Julia  Ã¦Å" ±Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ¨â€¦Judy  Ã¦Å" ±Ã¨â€™â€šJudith  Ã¦Å" ±Ã¨ ¿ ªÃ¦â‚¬  Joyce  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¦â€" ¯Joy  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¤ ¼Å Johanna  Ã§ º ¦Ã§ ¿ °Ã¥ ¨Å"Jodie  Ã¦Å" ±Ã¨ ¿ ªJoanne  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¥ ®â€°Joanna  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Joan  Ã§  ¼Jinny  Ã¥ â€°Ã¥ ¦ ®Jessica  Ã¦  °Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¥  ¡Jenny  Ã§  Ã¥ ¦ ®Jennifer  Ã§  Ã¥ ° ¼Ã¥ ¼â€"Jenna  Ã§  Ã¥ ¨Å"Jeannine  Ã¦  °Ã¥ ® Jeanine  Ã¦  °Ã¥ ® Jeanette  Ã§  Ã¥ ¦ ®Ã§â€° ¹Janice  Ã¨ © ¹Ã¥ ¦ ®Ã¤ ¸ Jane  Ã§ ®â‚¬Jamie  Ã¦  °Ã§ ± ³Jade  Ã¨ ´ ¾Ã¥ ¾ ·Jacquie  Ã¨ ´ ¾Ã¥ ¥â€¡Jacklyn  Ã¦  °Ã¥ ¥Å½Ã§  ³Jackie  Ã¦  °Ã¥ § ¬Isabella  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¨  ¨Ã¨ ´ Ã¦â€¹â€°Isabell  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¨  ¨Ã¨ ´ Irma  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¥ °â€Ã§Å½â€ºIrina  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Irene  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã§  ³Ã¥ ¨Å"Ingrid  Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¦   ¼Ã¤ ¸ ½Ilona  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã§ ½â€"Ã¥ ¨Å"Ilana  Ã¤ ¾ Ã¦â€¹â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Iana  Ã¥ ¨â€¦Ã¥ ¨Å"Holly  Ã¨  ·Ã¨Å½â€°Helen  Ã¦ µ ·Ã¤ ¼ ¦Heidy  Ã¦ µ ·Ã¨â€™â€šHeidi  Ã¦ µ ·Ã¨â€™â€šHeather  Ã¥ ¸Å'ç‘ŸHayley  Ã¦ µ ·Ã¨Å½â€°Hannah  Ã¦ ±â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Gwendolyn  Ã¦ ² ½Ã©â€º ¯Ã©Æ' ½Ã§  ³Grace  Ã¦   ¼ è• ¾Ã¤ ¸ Gisele  Ã¥ â€°Ã¨ µâ€ºÃ¥ °â€Ginger  Ã©â€¡â€˜Ã¨â€â€"Ã¥ °â€Gina  Ã¥ â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Georgina  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¥ § ¬Ã¥ ¨Å"Georgia  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¦ ² »Ã¤ ºÅ¡Frankie  Ã¥ ¼â€"å… °Ã¥â€¦â€¹Fiona  Ã¨  ²Ã¥ ¥ ¥Ã¥ ¨Å"Filipa  Ã¨  ²Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ¸â€¢K-OKaitlin  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€° ¹Ã§  ³Kara  Ã¥  ¡Ã¦â€¹â€°Karen  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§  ³Karianne  Ã¥  ¡Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ®â€°Karina  Ã¥  ¡Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Kassandra  Ã¥  ¡Ã¦ ¡â€˜Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¦â€¹â€°Katalina  Ã¥  ¡Ã¥ ¡â€Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ¨Å"Kate  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€° ¹Katherine  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€˜Å¸Ã§  ³Kathleen  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€˜Å¸Ã§  ³Katie  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¨â€™â€šKatrina  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€° ¹Ã§  ³Ã¥ ¨Å"Katy  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¨â€™â€šKayla  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¦â€¹â€°Keira  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¦â€¹â€°Kelly  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¨Å½â€°Kelsey  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¥ °â€Ã¥ ¡Å¾Kerry-Anne  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ®â€°Kimberley  Ã©â€¡â€˜Ã¤ ¼ ¯Ã¥Ë† ©Kira  Ã§  ¦Ã¦â€¹â€°Kristie  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¨â€™â€šKristina  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã©â€¡Å'æâ€" ¯Ã¨â€™â€šÃ¥ ¨Å"Kristine  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¦ ±â‚¬Kristy  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã©â€¡Å'æâ€" ¯Ã¨â€™â€šL aura  Ã¥Å  ³Ã¦â€¹â€°Laurene  Ã¥Å  ³Ã¤ ¼ ¦Laurie  Ã¨  Ã¨Å½â€°Layla  Ã¨â€¢ ¾Ã¦â€¹â€°Lena  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Leona  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Leslie  Ã¨Å½ ±Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨Å½â€°Libby  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã§ ¢ §Lila  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¦â€¹â€°Liliane  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ®â€°Lilly  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¨Å½â€°Lily-Rose  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¨Å½â€°Ã§ ½â€"æâ€" ¯Lina  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Linda  Ã§  ³Ã¨ ¾ ¾Lindsay  Ã¦Å¾â€"è µâ€ºLisa  Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¨Å½Å½Lise  Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¤ ¸ Lola  Ã§ ½â€"拉Lorene  Ã¥Å  ³Ã¤ ¼ ¦Lorette  Ã§ ½â€"ç‘žå ¾ ·Lorianne  Ã¥Å  ³Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ®â€°Louise  Ã¨ · ¯Ã¦Ëœâ€œÃ¤ ¸ Loyce  Ã§ ½â€"ä ¼Å Ã¤ ¸ Lucia  Ã©Å" ²Ã¨Å'Å"Ã¥ ¨â€¦Lucy  Ã©Å" ²Ã¨ ¥ ¿Luna  Ã§â€™ Ã¥ ¨Å"Lydia  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¨â€™â€šÃ¥ ¨â€¦Lyla  Ã¨Å½â€°Ã¦â€¹â€°Lynda  Ã§  ³Ã¨ ¾ ¾Lynette  Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ¥Ë†Ã§â€° ¹Lynn  Ã§  ³Lynne  Ã§  ³Lysa  Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¨Å½Å½Madeleine  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¥ ¾ ·Ã§  ³ Madeline  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¥ ¾ ·Ã§  ³Madison  Ã© º ¦Ã¨ ¿ ªÃ©â‚¬Å Magdalena  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¦   ¼Ã¨ ¾ ¾Ã©â€º ·Ã¥ ¨Å"Maggy  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¥ â€°Malorie  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ§ ½â€"ä ¸ ½Mandy  Ã¦â€º ¼Ã¨â€™â€šMani  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¥ ¦ ®Margaret  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¦   ¼Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã§â€° ¹Margareth  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¦   ¼Ã¨â€¢ ¾Ã¦â€" ¯Maria  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Ã¤ ºÅ¡Marianna  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ¨Å"Marina  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ¨Å"Marisa  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Ã¨Å½Å½Marlene  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ§  ³Martha  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¨Å½Å½Mary  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Mary-Lou  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Ã‚ ·Ã§â€™ Maryanne  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ ®â€°Marylise  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¤ ¸ Maryse  Ã© © ¬Ã§â€˜Å¾Ã¨ µâ€ºMathis  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¥ ¸Å'æâ€" ¯Maud  Ã¨Å'‰å ¾ ·Maureen  Ã§ ©â€ Ã§  ³Maxine  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¥  ¯Ã¦ ¬ £May  Ã¦ ¢â€¦Maya  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ©â€ºâ€¦Mayleen  Ã¦ ¢â€¦Ã§  ³Maylene  Ã¦ ¢â€¦Ã¨Å½ ²Meg  Ã¦ ¢â€¦Ã¦   ¼Melany  Ã¦ ¢â€¦Ã¥â€¦ °Ã¥ ¦ ®Melba  Ã¦ ¢â€¦Ã¥ °â€Ã¥ · ´Melinda  Ã§ ¾Å½Ã¨Å½ ²Ã¨ ¾ ¾Melody  Ã¦ ¢â€¦Ã¦ ´â€ºÃ¨ ¿ ªMeryl  Ã¦ ¢â€¦Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ °â€Mia  Ã§ ± ³Ã¥ ¨â€¦Michaela   ç ± ³Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¦â€¹â€°Michelle  Ã§ ± ³Ã¦ ­â€¡Ã¥ °â€Milena  Ã§ ± ³Ã¨â€¢ ¾Ã¥ ¨Å"Mina  Ã§ ± ³Ã¥ ¨Å"Minna  Ã§ ± ³Ã¥ ¨Å"Molly  Ã¨Å'‰èŽ‰Mona  Ã¨â€™â„¢Ã¥ ¨Å"Monica  Ã¨Å½ «Ã¥ ¦ ®Ã¥  ¡Mony  Ã¨Å½ «Ã¥ ° ¼Moreen  Ã¨Å½ «Ã§  ³Morissette  Ã¨Å½ «Ã©â€¡Å'è µâ€ºÃ§â€° ¹Muriel  Ã§ ©â€ Ã¤ ¸ ½Ã¥ °â€Myriam  Ã§ ± ³Ã©â€¡Å'Ã¥ ®â€°Nadia  Ã¥ ¨Å"è ¿ ªÃ¥ ¨â€¦Nadina  Ã§ º ³Ã¨ ¿ ªÃ¥ ¨Å"Nadine  Ã¥ ¨Å"ä ¸ Nancy  Ã¥ â€"èÅ'Å"Naomi  Ã§ º ³Ã¥ ¥ ¥Ã§ ± ³Natalie  Ã¥ ¨Å"Ã¥ ¡â€Ã¨Å½â€°Natasha  Ã¥ ¨Å"Ã¥ ¡â€Ã¨Å½Å½Nicole  Ã¥ ° ¼Ã§ §â€˜Ã¥ °â€Nikita  Ã¥ ° ¼Ã§  ¦Ã¥ ¡â€Nina  Ã¥ ¦ ®Ã¥ ¨Å"Nishta  Ã¥ ¦ ®Ã¤ »â‚¬Ã¥ ¡â€Noa  Ã¨ ¯ ºÃ©Ëœ ¿Noelle  Ã¨ ¯ ºÃ¥ °â€Norah  Ã¨ ¯ ºÃ¦â€¹â€°Nori  Ã¨ ¯ ºÃ¤ ¸ ½Olive  Ã¥ ¥ ¥Ã¥Ë† ©Ã§ » ´Olivia  Ã¥ ¥ ¥Ã¥Ë† ©Ã§ » ´Ã¤ 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¯Dimitri  Ã¨ ¿ ªÃ§ ± ³Ã§â€° ¹Ã©â€¡Å'Don  Ã¥â€ Donald  Ã¥â€ Ã§ º ³Ã¥ ¾ ·Donovan  Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ºÃ¤ ¸â€¡Douglas  Ã© â€œÃ¦   ¼Ã¦â€¹â€°Ã¦â€" ¯Duncan  Ã©â€šâ€œÃ¨â€š ¯Dylan  Ã¨ ¿ ªÃ¤ ¼ ¦Eddy  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¨ ¿ ªEden  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã§â€ ¸Edison  Ã¥Å¸Æ'è ¿ ªÃ¦ £ ®Edmond  Ã¥Å¸Æ'Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¨â€™â„¢Edward  Ã§Ë† ±Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¥ Å½Elian  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¨â€° ¯Elias  Ã¥Å¸Æ'åˆ ©Ã¤ ºÅ¡Ã¦â€" ¯Elie  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¥Ë† ©Elio  Ã¥Å¸Æ'åˆ ©Ã¥ ¥ ¥Eliott  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã§â€¢ ¥Ã§â€° ¹Elliot  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã§â€¢ ¥Ã§â€° ¹Elliott  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã§â€¢ ¥Ã§â€° ¹Elton  Ã¥Å¸Æ'Ã¥ °â€Ã© ¡ ¿Elvin  Ã¥Å¸Æ'Ã¥ °â€Ã¦ ¸ ©Elvis  Ã¥Å¸Æ'Ã¥ °â€Ã§ » ´Ã¦â€" ¯Emer  Ã¥ ° ¹Ã§ ¾Å½Ã¥ °â€Emerick  Ã¥Å¸Æ'é »ËœÃ©â€¡Å'å…‹Enzo  Ã¦  ©Ã ¤ ½ Erasmo  Ã¥Å¸Æ'拉æâ€" ¯Ã¨Å½ «Eric  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã©â€¡Å'å…‹Erwan  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¤ ¸â€¡Erwann  Ã¨â€° ¾Ã¤ ¸â€¡Erwin  Ã¥Å¸Æ'Ã¥ °â€Ã¦ ¸ ©Ethan  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¦ ¡â€˜Eugene  Ã¥ ° ¤Ã©â€¡â€˜Evan  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¤ ¸â€¡Evans  Ã¥Å¸Æ'æâ€"‡æâ€" ¯Evens  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¦â€"‡æâ€" ¯F-JFelix  Ã¨ ´ ¹Ã¥Ë† ©Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¦â€" ¯Flavio  Ã¥ ¼â€"拉ç » ´Ã¥ ¥ ¥Forest  Ã¤ ½â€ºÃ©â€º ·Ã¦â€" ¯Ã§â€° ¹Fox  Ã§ ¦ Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¦â€" ¯Francis  Ã¥ ¼â€"æÅ"â€"è ¥ ¿Ã¦â€" ¯Franck  Ã¥ ¯Å'å… °Ã¥â€¦â€¹Frank  Ã¥ ¼â€"å… °Ã¥â€¦â€¹Frankie  Ã¥ ¼â€"å… °Ã¥â€¦â€¹Franklin  Ã¥ ¯Å'å… °Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¦Å¾â€"Franky  Ã¥ ¼â€"å… °Ã¥â€¦â€¹Frederic  Ã¥ ¼â€"é› ·Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã©â€¡Å'å…‹Friday  Ã¥ ¼â€"èŽ ±Ã¨ ¾ ¾Gabriel  Ã¥Å   Ã¥ ¸Æ'é‡Å'åŸÆ'Ã¥ °â€Gaby  Ã¥Å   Ã¦ ¯â€Gael  Ã§â€ºâ€"Ã¥ °â€Gail  Ã§â€ºâ€"Ã¥ °â€Gally  Ã¥Å   Ã©â€¡Å'Garry  Ã¥Å   Ã©â€¡Å'Gary  Ã¥Å   Ã©â€¡Å'Gaspard  Ã¥Å   Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¥ ¸â€¢Ã¥ ¾ ·Gautier  Ã¦Ë†Ë†Ã¨â€™â€šÃ¨â‚¬ ¶Gavin  Ã¨ ´ ¾Ã¦â€"‡Gaye  Ã§â€ºâ€"ä ¼Å Gaylord   æ   ¼Ã¥Å  ³Ã¥ ¾ ·Gemini  Ã¦  °Ã§ ± ³Ã¥ ° ¼Geoffrey  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¥ ¼â€"ç‘žGeorge  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¦ ² »Georges  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¦ ² »Ã¦â€" ¯Gilbert  Ã¥ â€°Ã¥ °â€Ã¤ ¼ ¯Ã§â€° ¹Gilberto  Ã¥ â€°Ã¥ °â€Ã¨ ´ Ã¦â€°ËœGillian  Ã¥ â€°Ã¥Ë† ©Ã¥ ®â€°Glenn  Ã¦   ¼Ã¤ ¼ ¦Graham  Ã¦   ¼Ã©â€º ·Ã¥Å½â€žÃ¥ §â€ Gregory  Ã¦   ¼Ã©â€º ·Ã¦Ë†Ë†Ã©â€¡Å'Gus  Ã¥  ¤Ã¦â€" ¯Gypsy  Ã¥ â€°Ã¦â„¢ ®Ã¨ µâ€ºHadrien  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã©â€¡Å'Ã¥ ®â€°Hans  Ã¦ ±â€°Ã¦â€" ¯Harold  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¨ ± ªÃ¥ ¾ ·Harrison  Ã¥â€œË†Ã©â€¡Å'æ £ ®Harry  Ã¥â€œË†Ã¥Ë† ©Harvey  Ã¥â€œË†Ã¥ ¨ Hassan  Ã¥â€œË†Ã¦ ¡â€˜Henri  Ã¤ º ¨Ã¥Ë† ©Henry  Ã¤ º ¨Ã¥Ë† ©Herbert  Ã¨ µ «Ã¤ ¼ ¯Ã§â€° ¹Homer  Ã¨  ·Ã© © ¬Howard  Ã©Å" Ã¥ Å½Ã¥ ¾ ·Hubert  Ã¤ ¼â€˜Ã¤ ¼ ¯Ã§â€° ¹Hudson  Ã¥â€œË†Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¦ £ ®Hugo  Ã©â€º ¨Ã¦Å¾Å"Iain  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¦  ©Ian  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¦  ©Ianis  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¥ ° ¼Ã¦â€" ¯Iban  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã©â€š ¦Ibrahim  Ã¦Ëœâ€œÃ¥ Å"拉è ¾â€ºIlan  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¥â€¦ °Ilhan  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¥â€¦ °Ilias  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¥Ë† ©Ã¤ ºÅ¡Ã¦â€" ¯Isaac  Ã¨ ‰ ¾Ã¨  ¨Ã¥â€¦â€¹Isis  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¤ ¸  Ivan  Ã¤ ¼Å Ã¤ ¸â€¡Jack  Ã¦  °Ã¥â€¦â€¹Jackie  Ã¦  °Ã¥â€¦â€¹Jacky  Ã¦  °Ã¥â€¦â€¹Jacob  Ã©â€ºâ€¦Ã¥ â€žÃ¥ ¸Æ'Jake  Ã¦  °Ã¥â€¦â€¹James  Ã¨ © ¹Ã¥ §â€ Ã¦â€" ¯Janick  Ã¨ ´ ¾Ã¥ ° ¼Ã¥â€¦â€¹Janne  Ã¨ ´ ¾Ã¥ ¨Å"Jason  Ã¦  °Ã¦ £ ®Jayson  Ã¦  °Ã¦ £ ®Jeff  Ã¦  °Ã¥ ¤ «Jefferson  Ã¦  °Ã¦â€" Ã©â‚¬Å Jeffrey  Ã¦  °Ã¤ ½â€ºÃ§â€˜Å¾Jeremy  Ã¦  °Ã§â€˜Å¾Ã§ ± ³Jerome  Ã¦  °Ã§ ½â€"Ã¥ §â€ Jerrod  Ã¦  °Ã§ ½â€"Ã¥ ¾ ·Jerry  Ã¦  °Ã©â€¡Å'Jeshua  Ã§ º ¦Ã¤ ¹ ¦Ã¤ ºÅ¡Jess  Ã¦  °Ã¦â€" ¯Jesse  Ã¦  °Ã¨ ¥ ¿Jessie  Ã¦  °Ã¨ ¥ ¿Jesus  Ã¨â‚¬ ¶Ã§ ¨ £Jill  Ã¥ â€°Ã¥ °â€Jilly  Ã¥ â€°Ã¥Ë† ©Jim  Ã¥ â€°Ã¥ §â€ Jimi  Ã¥ â€°Ã§ ± ³Jimmy  Ã¥ â€°Ã§ ± ³Jocelin  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¦Å¾â€"Jocelyn  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¦Å¾â€"Joe  Ã¤ ¹â€Joel  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¥ °â€Joey  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¤ ¼Å Johan  Ã§ º ¦Ã§ ¿ °Johann  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¥ ®â€°John  Ã§ º ¦Ã§ ¿ °Johnny  Ã¥ ¼ ºÃ¥ ° ¼Jonas  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã§ º ³Ã¦â€" ¯Jonathan  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã§ º ³Ã¦ £ ®Jordan  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¤ ¸ ¹Joris  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã©â€¡Å'æ⠀" ¯Joseph  Ã§ º ¦Ã§â€˜Å¸Ã¥ ¤ «Joshua  Ã§ º ¦Ã¤ ¹ ¦Ã¤ ºÅ¡Joss  Ã¤ ¹â€Ã¦â€" ¯Julian  Ã¦Å" ±Ã¥Ë† ©Ã¥ ®â€°Junior  Ã¦Å" ±Ã¥ ° ¼Ã¥ ¥ ¥Ã¥ °â€Justin  Ã¨ ´ ¾Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¦ ±â‚¬K-OKaden  Ã¥  ¡Ã§â„¢ »Keegan  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€ËœKeith  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¦â€" ¯Kenneth  Ã¨â€š ¯Ã¥ ° ¼Ã¦â€" ¯Kerry  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã§â€˜Å¾Kevin  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¦â€"‡Kurt  Ã¥ ºâ€œÃ¥ °â€Ã§â€° ¹Kyle  Ã¥â€¡ ¯Ã¥â€¹â€™Lance  Ã¥â€¦ °Ã¦â€" ¯Lenny  Ã¨â€œ Ã¥ ° ¼Liam  Ã¥Ë† ©Ã¤ ºÅ¡Ã¥ §â€ Louie  Ã¨ · ¯Ã¦Ëœâ€œLucas  Ã¥  ¢Ã¥  ¡Ã¦â€" ¯Luigi  Ã¨ · ¯Ã¦Ëœâ€œÃ¥ â€°Luke  Ã¥  ¢Ã¥â€¦â€¹Malcolm  Ã© © ¬Ã¥ °â€Ã§ §â€˜Ã¥ §â€ Manuel  Ã¦â€º ¼Ã¥Å  ªÃ¥Å¸Æ'Ã¥ °â€Marcus  Ã© © ¬Ã¥ °â€Ã¥ ºâ€œÃ¦â€" ¯Mark  Ã© © ¬Ã¥â€¦â€¹Marshall  Ã© © ¬Ã¦ ­â€¡Ã¥ °â€Martin  Ã© © ¬Ã¤ ¸ Marvin  Ã© © ¬Ã¦â€"‡Mathis  Ã§Å½â€ºÃ¥ ¸Å'æâ€" ¯Matthew  Ã© © ¬Ã¤ ¿ ®Max  Ã© © ¬Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¦â€" ¯Maximus  Ã© © ¬Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¦â‚¬ Ã¥ §â€ Ã¦â€" ¯Maxwell  Ã© º ¦Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¦â€" ¯Ã©Å¸ ¦Meaghan  Ã§ ± ³Ã§â€ËœMelvin  Ã¦ ¢â€¦Ã¥ °â€Ã¦â€"‡Michael  Ã© º ¦Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¥ °â€Mickey  Ã§ ± ³Ã¥Å¸ ºMitchell  Ã§ ± ³Ã¥Ë†â€¡Ã¥ °â€Morgan  Ã¦â€˜ ©Ã¦   ¹Nathan  Ã¥â€ â€¦Ã¦ £ ®Neil  Ã¥ ° ¼Ã¥ °â€Nelson  Ã¥ ° ¼Ã¥ °â€Ã¦ £ ®Nick  Ã¥ ° ¼Ã¥â€¦â€¹Nicolas  Ã¥ ° ¼Ã¥  ¤Ã¦â€¹â€°Ã¦â€" ¯Noah  Ã¨ ¯ ºÃ©Ëœ ¿Oliver  Ã¥ ¥ ¥Ã¥Ë† ©Ã¥ ¼â€"Oscar  Ã¥ ¥ ¥Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¥  ¡Owen  Ã¦ ¬ §Ã¦â€"‡P-TParker  Ã¥ ¸â€¢Ã¥â€¦â€¹Patrice  Ã¥ ¸â€¢Ã§â€° ¹Ã©â€¡Å'æâ€" ¯Patrick  Ã¦ ´ ¾Ã§ ¿  Ã¥â€¦â€¹Patris  Ã¥ ¸â€¢Ã§â€° ¹Ã©â€¡Å'æâ€" ¯Paul  Ã¤ ¿ Ã§ ½â€"Pedro  Ã¤ ½ ©Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã§ ½â€"Perry  Ã¤ ½ ©Ã§â€˜Å¾Peter  Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã¥ ¾â€"Philip  Ã¨  ²Ã¥Å â€ºÃ¦ µ ¦Philippe  Ã¨  ²Ã¥Å â€ºÃ¦ µ ¦Phillipe  Ã¨  ²Ã¥Å â€ºÃ¦ µ ¦Phoenix  Ã¨  ²Ã¥ ° ¼Ã¥â€¦â€¹Ã¦â€" ¯Pierce  Ã§Å¡ ®Ã¥ °â€Ã¦â€" ¯Quentin  Ã¦Ëœâ€ Ã¦ 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Human Suffering in Ancient Civilization essays

Human Suffering in Ancient Civilization essays Human Suffering in Ancient Civilizations Suffering is a facet of life that all cultures must learn to deal with. Whether it is religion or mythology, humans must find a way to explain suffering and more importantly, death. Death is the single most unifying aspect of all cultures after all, it doesnt discriminate. Ancient civilizations such as the Babylonians, Hebrews, and Greeks all had different mythology to explain the reasons behind suffering and death, but all of it is fundamentally the same. When life seems too harsh and unhappy, society will create a way to welcome death. This is true throughout the entire history of civilization, even today. However, in ancient times, it was much easier for the people to swallow because it also provided an explanation for all the unexplainable that occurred around them all the time. The concept of divine intervention seems to pervade Mesopotamian culture when concerning suffering and death. In Lament for Ur, the God Enlil punishes the city of Ur by summoning a hurricane that ravages the town until the people lay in heaps. This idea of divine intervention explaining the suffering brought on by a hurricane is the only way their ancient culture had of dealing with the random nature of such an event. Since there was no way of predicting a hurricane, it had to be an act of an angry and vengeful God. A view of pessimism resulted from the way Mesopotamia viewed suffering. If there was nothing that could be done to predict it, if no god can be prayed to for assistance, then how can one have an optimistic view of life? In Mesopotamian Wisdom Literature, the author conveys his frustration to the Gods. What is good for oneself may be offense to ones God/What in ones heart seems despicable may be proper to ones God, he bemoans, his pessimism towards the gods and life in general a direct result of the suffering he has en...

All About Geography Questions and Answers

All About Geography Questions and Answers While the word geography is derived from Greek and literally means to write about the earth, the subject of geography is much more than describing foreign places or memorizing the names of capitals and countries. Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks to understand the world - Â  its human and physical features - through an understanding of place and location. Geographers study where things are and how they got there. My favorite definitions for geography are the bridge between the human and physical sciences and the mother of all sciences. Geography looks at the spatial connection between people, places, and the earth. How Is Geography Different from Geology? Many people have an idea of what a geologist does but dont have any idea of what a geographer does. While geography is commonly divided into human geography and physical geography, the difference between physical geography and geology is often confusing. Geographers tend to study the surface of the earth, its landscapes, its features, and why they are where they are. Geologists look deeper into the earth than do geographers and study its rocks, the internal processes of the earth (such as plate tectonics and volcanoes), and study periods of earth history many millions and even billions of years ago. How Does One Become a Geographer? An undergraduate (college or university) education in geography is an important beginning to becoming a geographer. With a bachelors degree in geography, a geography student can begin working in a variety of fields. While many students begin their career after achieving an undergraduate education, others continue on. A masters degree in geography is very helpful for the student who desires to teach at the high school or community college level, to be a cartographer or GIS specialist, of work in business or government. A doctorate in geography (Ph.D.) is necessary if one wishes to become a full professor at a university. Although, many Ph.D.s in geography continue on to form consulting firms, become administrators in government agencies, or attain high-level research positions in corporations or think-tanks. The best resource for learning about colleges and universities that offer degrees in geography is the annual publication of the Association of American Geographers, the Guide to Programs in Geography in the United States and Canada. What Does a Geographer Do? Unfortunately, the job title of geographer is not often found in companies or government agencies (with the most notable exception of the U.S. Census Bureau). However, more and more companies are recognizing the skill that a geographically-trained individual brings to the table. Youll find many geographers working as planners, cartographers (map makers), GIS specialists, analysis, scientists, researchers, and many other positions. Youll also find many geographers working as instructors, professors, and researchers at schools, colleges, and universities. Why Is Geography Important? Being able to view the world geographically is a fundamental skill for everyone. Understanding the connection between the environment and people, geography ties together diverse sciences as geology, biology, and climatology with economics, history, and politics based on location. Geographers understand conflict around the world because so many factors are involved. Who Are the Fathers of Geography? The Greek scholar Eratosthenes, who measured the circumference of the earth and was the first to use the word geography, is commonly called the father of geography. Alexander von Humboldt is commonly called the father of modern geography and William Morris Davis is commonly called the father of American geography. How Can I Learn More About Geography? Taking geography courses, reading geography books, and, of course, exploring this site are great ways to learn. You can increase your geographic literacy of places around the world by getting a good atlas, such as Goodes World Atlas and use it to look up unfamiliar places anytime you encounter them while reading or watching the news. Before long, youll have a great knowledge of where places are. Reading travelogues and historical books can also help improve your geographic literacy and understanding of the world - Â  theyre some of my favorite things to read. What Is the Future of Geography? Things are looking up for geography! More and more schools across the United States are offering or requiring geography be taught at all levels, especially high school. The introduction of the Advanced Placement Human Geography course in high schools in the 2000-2001 school year increased the number of college-ready geography majors, thus increasing the numbers of geography students in undergraduate programs. New geography teachers and professors are needed in all areas of the educational system as more students begin learning geography. GIS (Geographic Information Systems) has become popular in many different disciplines and not just geography. The career opportunities for geographers with technical skills, especially in the area of GIS, is excellent and should continue to grow.

CRISIS COMMUNICATION ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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I need a research paper and it needs to be over A Taste Of Honey by Essay

I need a research paper and it needs to be over A Taste Of Honey by Shelagh Delaney and it need to have an argumentative thesis statement - Essay Example The drama has strong racial and homosexual undertones and the writer is trying to send a thought provoking message to the society. If we look around today our attitudes towards gays, single mothers and interracial unions have hardly changed even in the wake of liberal ,legal and social reforms. The play was written in 1958 when Divorces were a taboo, there was lesser minority representation amongst the society and single parenting was looked down upon as a religious and social offence. Gay marriages or open homosexual cohabitations were unheard of because such people were at a risk of bodily harm if their sexual orientation was made public. It was known as one of the "kitchen sink" plays of its time when the English Theatre was being revolutionised. The play shows women's perspectives on premarital sex, teen pregnancy, abortion, and adoption. This was big step to discuss these issues in public and show them in English drama. The Characters are the stereotypes of the working class British audience. The story line focuses around the life of the women (Helen and Jo)and their problems in the setting of the 1950's.The mother and daughter are shown coping with a tumultuous life.Jo is a 17-year-old working class girl whose mother, is an abusive drunkyard .Jo's is devastated

Workplace Romance in the Hospitality Industry Research Paper

Workplace Romance in the Hospitality Industry - Research Paper Example As a result of this constant sharing of working space there remains a high chance of the workers in the hospitality industry getting romantically involved with each other. Every worker spends a considerable amount of the day in his or her office. Above that the workers in the hospitality industry work under stressful conditions like round the day duties and living up to the demands of people of different kinds. As a result seeking supports from co-workers and consequent blooming of romance between them is prevalent trend in this industry. In any office environment the co-workers share a lot of feeling like experiences, interests, fears, setbacks and achievements with each other. Therefore it can be seen that the factors responsible for giving birth to romance are always present in the working environment. The constant sharing of emotions may lead to the development of emotional and romantic leanings on each other. The usual office romance varies from casual flings and affairs to the more serious relationships. In the hospitality industry there are also many instances of sexual harassment between co-workers and the scholars have distinguished the workplace romance from sexual advances. Workplaces romances in have been defined as relationship based on mutual desire and physical attraction between the workers of the same organization. It is also necessary that the people have found each other through the course of their work and the relationship is consensual. For romance between workers separated by hierarchy it is important that the romance spreads beyond the traditional employer employee relationship. Workers from all age group have been found to be associated with workplace romance. However the highest probability of romance between colleagues lies in the age group from 35 to 44. In a survey almost 44% of the interviewee in this age group has admitted to date their co-workers (Pearce, 2010). Some very important points of discussion about workplace romance have been the causes for the development of the romance, the effect of office romance on the peers and environment of the office as well as on the people involved directly and the managerial decision or attitude towards accepting the romance (Odgers, 2004, pp 221-222; Burke, Mattis, 2005 p 153; Sias, 2009, p 140). It will be relevant to mention that many of the organizations have a defined policy on workplace romance though no such references could be found directly for the hospitality industry. It has often been debated whether workplace romance leads to better performance of the employees and also the effect of romance on the other co-workers Reasons and the Consequences of Office Romance According to Fiona M. Wilson (2007) the study of romance in office as a sociological subject started 30 years ago. Such studies were of immense interest for the management who wanted to know the consequence on the organization as a result of romances between the workers. According to Peter Corser (20 11), a person spends a third of their day in their office. Under such a situation the author finds it natural for romance to brew between the co-workers. Moreover it can also be mentioned here that for people working in a team the skills, experiences and the knowledge are very similar. Therefore there is a high chance of people sharing common interests and therefore finding each other attractive. However he has also noted that many organizations have discouraging policies for such romances. The organization has

Reputation and talent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reputation and talent - Essay Example The most important sustainable issue therefore to be discussed and explore is that of the reputation and talent management. Issues related with the labor, overtimes, low pays and unhygienic working conditions are some of the issues which constantly spring up in the media regarding Foxconn and which is ultimately hurting the reputation of our clients also. Apple has been focus of the controversy due to Foxconn. To successfully deal with this issue and to ensure that such negative publicity do not occur again, it is to be ensured that a systematic and thorough understanding of the Foxconn’s working environment will be conducted. Since Foxconn works in a particular cultural environment also therefore the emphasis would be placed upon helping the world to understand the actual cultural context within which Foxconn operates and how it is going to address all the related issues. In order to overcome the situation, a complete stakeholders’ analysis will be made to address the issue. Most important stakeholders will be taken into consideration and their views and concerns will be addressed. Especially those of Foxconn’s clients which operate into West and are subject to strict regulatory and ethical challenges regarding their operations and supply chain will be taken into consideration also. After discussions and thorough systematic study of the factors contributing towards the negative reputation of the firm, strategies will be recommended. Based upon the factors identified and the overall requirements of the stakeholders, a through change management plan will be implemented to overcome the management weaknesses and other related issues which are contributing towards this. After successful implementation of the plan, it is expected that the numbers of complaints in this regard will be reduced. Further, the employees will be

ADHD and teacher knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ADHD and teacher knowledge - Essay Example The most common of which is Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), or its derivative, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Such disorders cause students to be disruptive in class and behave in ways that would greatly affect teacher performance. This study is an attempt to investigate the current status of teachers knowledge of AD/HD? How does their knowledge impact their ability to work with their students? How does teacher efficacy relate to student outcomes? In reviewing the literature on teacher knowledge, it is hypothesized that teachers of regular children easily suspect inattentive and disruptive children as having ADHD. â€Å"Teacher ratings are often utilized because teachers have the opportunity to observe children in different school settings for long periods of time. One difficulty with utilizing teacher reports is that they tend to identify a higher proportion than the 3%–5% suggested in DSM–IV. For example, as many as 15% of the sample in one study would have been labeled ADHD by teachers (Weiler et al., 1999). Glass and Wegar also (2000) found that teachers identified 6% to 15% of students as having ADHD.† (Havey, Olson, McCormick and Cates, 2005). This paper likewise explores the reasons for such discrepancies. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity (American Psychological Association. APA. 2000). It is complex syndrome of impairments related to the development of brain cognitive management systems or executive functions. It affects a person’s organization skills, concentration, focus and prolonged attention on a task, processing speed, short-term working memory and access recall, sustained motivation to work and the appropriate management of emotions. Brown (2007) has enumerated the executive functions of the brain that work together in various combinations as

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

Research Paper Example India’s involvement in space programs can be traced at the beginning of 1960s. Actually, it was just in 1962 that the authority that would control the relevant science projects established in India: reference is made to the ‘Indian National Committee for Space Research’ (Moltz 114). Since then, the country’s missions to space have been related to a particular target: to secure the social and economic environment of the country (Sadeh 303). More specifically, the space program of India has been based on ‘the needs of man and society’ (Moltz 114). However, if reviewed carefully, the particular program is proved as being far from its initial mission. One of the most important issues that should be taken into consideration when developing a space program is the program’s financing needs. In the case of India, this rule had not been followed. According to Sadeh (11) the gaps between the estimated cost of a space program and its final cost is a common problem in the specific sector. For this reason, the government of a country involved in such project needs to locate in advance potential sources of funds that could be used when the project would exceed its budget (Sadeh 11). In the case study it is explained that the cost of the whole project reached the level of $70m (page study, p.1), an amount that it is considered as extremely high if taking into consideration the current status of Indian economy. The review of the historical development of India’s space program shows that there has been no provision for covering extra costs during the project’s life cycle (Sadeh 303). On the other hand, the threat from neigbouring countries, especially of China, is often used as an argument for justifying India’s space program (Harding 107). According to the case study, India’s mission to Mars has been decided not so much for gathering information in regard to the planet’s ground and environment bu t mostly in order to verify the country’s technological advances especially compared to its key rival, i.e. China (page study, p.1). Of course, the potential use of space technology for securing the country’s safety in terms of national security cannot be ignored. However, such target would be in opposition with the program’s initial mission, i.e. to respond to the needs of the country’s social and economic environment (Sadeh 303). In other words, a contradiction appears between the targets on which the establishment of the program was based and the targets that appear today as the program’s priorities, such as the increase of India’s military strength towards its rivals, or the improvement of the country’s position in geo-political terms. The inappropriateness of India’s space mission, at least in regard to the current period of time, is also proved through the following facts: A) The status of India’s current infrastru cture seems to be quite low. In fact, it was a few days before the mission to Mars that due to severe damages the country’s power supply units stopped their operations; even if the problem caused by the weather the extension of the damage, about 825 electric poles had to be replaced, reveals the weakness of the country in maintaining its vital infrastructure (Salomi 2013). At this point, the following question appears: how the country could support a mission to space while facing such problems in regard to its energy infrastructure is a question that cannot be easily

ADHD and teacher knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ADHD and teacher knowledge - Essay Example The most common of which is Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), or its derivative, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Such disorders cause students to be disruptive in class and behave in ways that would greatly affect teacher performance. This study is an attempt to investigate the current status of teachers knowledge of AD/HD? How does their knowledge impact their ability to work with their students? How does teacher efficacy relate to student outcomes? In reviewing the literature on teacher knowledge, it is hypothesized that teachers of regular children easily suspect inattentive and disruptive children as having ADHD. â€Å"Teacher ratings are often utilized because teachers have the opportunity to observe children in different school settings for long periods of time. One difficulty with utilizing teacher reports is that they tend to identify a higher proportion than the 3%–5% suggested in DSM–IV. For example, as many as 15% of the sample in one study would have been labeled ADHD by teachers (Weiler et al., 1999). Glass and Wegar also (2000) found that teachers identified 6% to 15% of students as having ADHD.† (Havey, Olson, McCormick and Cates, 2005). This paper likewise explores the reasons for such discrepancies. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity (American Psychological Association. APA. 2000). It is complex syndrome of impairments related to the development of brain cognitive management systems or executive functions. It affects a person’s organization skills, concentration, focus and prolonged attention on a task, processing speed, short-term working memory and access recall, sustained motivation to work and the appropriate management of emotions. Brown (2007) has enumerated the executive functions of the brain that work together in various combinations as

Robert Frost And William Stafford Essay Example for Free

Robert Frost And William Stafford Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The writer chose to compare and contrast the brilliant poems of two of the most famous poets of all time. â€Å"Birches† by Robert Frost, and â€Å"Traveling Through The Dark† by William Stafford. Both poems cover nature as a theme and through it, expertly laid out their ideas and what they wanted to express.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Robert Frost (1874-1963) was a Californian poet famous for his poems â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and â€Å"Pasture†. William Edgar Stafford (1914-1993) born in Kansas was a military veteran and was a teacher at one point in his life. His best known works are â€Å"The Rescued Year†, â€Å"Stories that Could Be True: New and Collected Poems†, â€Å"Writing the Australian Crawl: Views on the writer’s vocation†, and â€Å"An Oregon Message.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At first, it may seem that these are just simple nature-themed poems but as we looked deeper, we’ll see that it’s not the case. It may also appear that these two poems have nothing in common since Birch talks about a bent tree and Traveling talks about a dead deer. [We can see that both poems talk about hope and taking chances. Although they differ in presentation and that in Birch, the narrator tried to go back when everything was simple for him – we can see that the two poems touched the difficulty of making a life-altering decision. ]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper would further provide proof and verses from the two poems to support the above statements. Individual analysis of the poems would be discussed and their similarities and differences would be concluded in the last paragraph. Robert Frost’s â€Å"Birches†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Robert Frost was a pastor and his devotion to God can be seen through his works. He frequently used metaphors about nature to express his ideas of a situation or special circumstances. In Birches, Frost reminisced his childhood when he was just a young boy swinging the branches of a birch tree. In recapturing the moments, Frost used third-person narration instead of saying directly that it’s him who was swinging the branches. The branches were bent as a result of this â€Å"swinging†, and also as a result of the ice crystals from the ice storm. Frost vividly described the image of the bent birch trees, â€Å"When I see birches bend to left and right. Across the lines of straighter darker trees† and the melting of the ice crystals trapped in the branches, â€Å"Often you must have seen them. Loaded with ice a sunny winter morning; After a rain. They click upon themselves; As the breeze rises, and turn many-colored; As the stir cracks and crazes their enamel. Soon the suns warmth makes them shed crystal shells.† The poem tries to make the reader visualize the image in his head; of the bent birch tree, and its’ process of change through different seasons. This colorful description of nature can simply be as plain as about the bent branches of a birch tree; or about the many reasons why a branch, could be a metaphor for a person, would bend or go way out of his or her path in life. He also associated bending birch trees to young girls drying their hair under the sun. The seasons Winter and Summer are allegories of the obstacles one person would meet in his lifetime. This symbolizes the cycle of life, that after every winter, comes spring then summer. Same so with life, after every trouble, comes happiness. Also related to the saying there’s always a rainbow after the rain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In general, the poem talks about how the boy who used to swing birch trees grew up and became successful in life, and he looks back and wishes for the simplicity of life when he was younger. He wishes to retreat from the current situation that he’s in and feel heaven once more, just like when he was just a young boy, â€Å"So was I once myself a swinger of birches.   And so I dream of going back to be. Its when Im weary of considerations, And life is too much like a pathless wood; Where your face burns and tickles with the cobwebs.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to this, the monochromatic tone of the verse â€Å"Id like to go by climbing a birch tree, And climb black branches up a snow-white trunk,† symbolizes the perception of a child, wherein there are only two choices; black or white – right or wrong. This fact upholds the innocence and un-complexity of being a child – the same reasons Frost wanted to go back and swing those birch tree branches once again. However, he can not go back in time when he was still light like a child and the birch tree branches could carry him high up, now, the birch tree branch bowed down and gently let him down touching the earth. He could only, but daydream of those days, â€Å"Id like to go by climbing a birch tree, And climb black branches up a snow-white trunk; Toward heaven, till the tree could bear no more, But dipped its top and set me down again.† William Stafford’s â€Å"Traveling Through The Dark†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The poem relates the story of a man driving along a narrow road and comes across a dead deer lying in the middle of the road. Since the road is too narrow to swerve and avoid the dead animal, he got off his car and inspected the dead deer. With intentions of pushing it over the canyon, he touched the deer and realized that it was pregnant. Feeling the warmth of the deer’s tummy and knowing that the baby is still alive. He chose to shove it over the canyon like they normally do to avoid accidents that might happen in the narrow road because swerving might lead to deaths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This poem may appear to be very morbid and showcases the narrator’s selfishness, but shoving the deer into the river was actually the best and the only thing he could do. This decision did not come easy for him, â€Å"Beside that mountain road I hesitated. The car aimed ahead its lowered parking lights.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although, literally, the poem poses the difficult question of should you or should you not push the dead deer over the river? It is actually a representation of the difficult choices we make in life. The narrow road symbolizes life and the dead deer is an obstacle or an opportunity. In such narrow road, we can choose to swerve, or go around the dead deer to avoid it, but take the risk of not knowing where we might end up. Or we can stop and push the deer aside. This poem involves difficult decisions which we have to make in order to move on – along the narrow road, and with our lives. Discussion Both poems used nature as metaphors to express what they truly mean. Robert Frost’s bent birch tree branches are analogous to Stafford’s narrow road. The birch tree carried swinging young boys and caught heavy snow every winter, but it remained strong and flexible; instead of breaking, it bended to adapt to a changing environment. Just like the narrow road in Traveling, although it did not bend like the birch tree, the poem offered an opportunity to swerve, get out of the path, and dive into the uncertain. This just shows that life as we know it is not definite. In Birches, the changing seasons from the harsh winter to a bright summer, delivers a promise of hope. Just like in Traveling, the difficult decision of pushing the deer to the river also delivers a promise of hope for the drivers taking the same road. After many hardships in life, the narrator in Birches wanted to go back to the simplicity of a young boy’s life but realized that he can not and he should not, so he continued with his life. Just like the man in Traveling, he made a very hard decision, for the safety of the greater good, he had to live with his decision and he had to go on living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both poems present making life-altering decisions – Birches (choosing to stay trapped in the past or to move on) and Traveling (choosing to leave the dead deer on the road or pushing it over the river). However, the presentation of nature in Birches was more alive and vibrant unlike in Traveling wherein it’s dark and dangerous. In Birches, Frost vividly described the setting and imagery of nature and uses a lot of adjectives. While Stafford simply put out the words out there, even taking a sonnet-like form. Conclusion:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Birches and Traveling Through the Dark are among the best poems ever published. They stimulate deeper analysis and interpretation by the simplicity of the words that authors used and the un-complexity of the setting in which they derive the stories from. Poem analysis and interpretation are subjective and is solely based on the reader’s understanding of the texts used. This understanding can either go literally (based solely on the surface meaning of the words) or figuratively, wherein, interpretation in this manner could go about for centuries. There are no right or wrong answers when it comes to poem analysis; the truth is, whatever the critics say about a particular poem – only the author himself knows the real meaning and essence of the poem. References Frost, Robert. Birches. Stafford, William. Traveling Through The Dark